By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Furthermore, we are going to get involved with theories and objectives related to punishment such as: reductivism, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and finally retribution. Improve your vocabulary with English Vocabulary in Use from Cambridge.Learn the words you need to communicate with confidence. 3945. Star Athletica, L.L.C. So for example, we might better understand a mental disorder such as depression by bringing together explanations from physiological, cognitive and sociocultural levels. It is a concept used in criminology to explain why people commit. 1867)Google Scholar. 5 The term reductivism appears to have been coined by Walker, Nigel, who confesses to its being rather ugly. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? At first glance, utilitarian theories and in particular incapacitation offer the most persuasive rationale for a recidivist sentencing premium. More recent computer innovations, such as the Internet and connectionist networks can be described as holist because the network behaves differently from the individual parts that go to make it up. An example of retribution, in the case of Kennedy v. Louisiana, was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2008. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Psychological influences focus on building a profile to match the offender and the reason behind their crimes rather than focusing entirely on the social factors that Marxists focus on. If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay Sauce, To what extent does reductivism play a role in current sentencing policy?. It has been suggested that the usefulness of reductionist approaches depends on the purpose to which they are put. See more. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Thompson emphasised that the powerful in society use their power to define and shape criminal law. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. (download the rest of the essay above). 4955)Google Scholar, but the relation between them investigated here is quite different. Criticism follows as they focused on their fundamental beliefs and on their assumption of a casual relationship between the economic conditions and forms of punishment. Retribution is perhaps the most intuitive and the most questionable aim of punishment in the criminal law. Galligan, p. 154. Retribution for this same crime would, more than likely, result in a jail sentence for the perpetrator. Likewise, whilst we need to understand the biology of mental disorders, we may not fully understand the disorder without taking account of social factors which influence it. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. 7 That is, cases in which a particular rehabilitative programme requires that the offender be incarcerated for longer than the normal term. Ontological reductionism: a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts. Are your language skills up to the task of telling the difference? If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Retribution appears alongside restorative principles in law codes from the ancient Near East, including the Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2050 bce), the Laws of Eshnunna (c. 2000 . Primoratz, Igor, Punishment as Language, Philosophy, lxiv (1989), 187CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Deterrence theory in criminology states that while criminal punishment is meant to teach law violators a lesson, it also discourages potential offenders from committing crimes. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Simply Psychology. For instance, we can see how the brain responds to particular musical sounds by viewing it in a scanner, but how you feel when you hear certain pieces of music is not something a scanner can ever reveal. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Published online by Cambridge University Press: A record of violent crime is evidentially significant for this purpose past violent conduct is the best predictor of future violence, as Walker, Nigel is keen to point out (Dangerousness and Mental Disorder, pp. 2 This paper is not concerned with the very real problem presented by persons who make threats to specific individuals, typically spouses in the context of a marital or custody dispute. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Retribution in the legal world refers to the act of setting a punishment for someone that "fits the crime." In other words, an eye for an eye, or "do unto others as you would have done unto you." The term "retribution" means, in the simplest sense, revenge. 17 For graphic illustrations, see Walker, Nigel, Dangerousness and Mental Disorder, p. 183Google Scholar, Meek, John, The Revival of Preventive Detention in New Zealand 198693, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, xxviii (1995), 225CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Judge's Lenience Leads to Tragedy, Melbourne Age, 02 17, 1996Google Scholar. ( art) A minimalist movement in abstract painting and sculpture from the 1950s onwards. 27 Consider, for instance: Rawls's, John rule-utilitarian theory of punishment (Two Concepts of Rules, Philosophical Review, lxiv (1955))Google Scholar; H. L. A. Hart's theory, which distinguishes between the question of the general justifying aim of punishment, and the question of distribution (of who to punish, and how much to punish) (Punishment and Responsibility, esp. Restorative justice is the type of situation wherein a mediation is set up between the defendant and the victim for the purpose of achieving a resolution that will satisfy everyone involved. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The difficulty lies in identifying those likely to commit serious crimes, in determining who is dangerous. That it is good, in a moral sense, if a person receives the punishment he deserves. To the extent that an offender's criminal history is a good predictor of future offending, there will be some crime prevention benefit associated with imposing harsher sentences on recidivists. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The reductive theory of punishment justifies that punishment occurs because it helps to prevent and reduce future consequences of crime, acting as a forward-looking theory for the general good. That it is bad, in a moral sense, to punish an innocent person or, conversely, inflict a more serious punishment on someone than that which would fit the crime. Criminology is a wide-ranging interdisciplinary field that encompasses the study of crime and the criminal justice system. Note that by concentrating on hard rehabilitative measures, it is not denied that soft rehabilitative measures can be highly manipulative in character, being paternalistic and infringing rights. It differs from reductionism since an interactionism approach would not try to understand behavior from explanations at one level, but as an interaction between different levels. The reductive theory of punishment justifies that punishment occurs because it helps to prevent and reduce future consequences of crime, acting as a forward-looking theory for the general good. Reductivism 'holds that the justification for penalising offences is that this reduces their frequency'. (2) Proponents of the unity of science (see Philosophy of science: Unification and reduction) held that the theoretical entities of particular sciences, such as biology or psychology, are definable in terms of the entities of some more basic science, such as physics, or that the laws of these sciences can be explained by those of the more basic science. The premise of . Information and translations of reductivism in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. The term retribution means, in the simplest sense, revenge. See also Schoeman. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Between these extremes there are behavioral, cognitive and social explanations.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); This is called environmental reductionism because it explains behavior in terms of simple simple building blocks of S-R (stimulus-response) and that complex behavior is a series of S-R chains. These Criminology essays have been submitted to us by students in order to help you with your studies. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Reductionism, in philosophy, a view that asserts that entities of a given kind are identical to, or are collections or combinations of, entities of another (often simpler or more basic) kind or that expressions denoting such entities are definable in terms of expressions denoting other entities.. Was Aristotle a reductionist? Incapacitation focuses on the individuals who post a great risk of reoffending in the future and resulting in the protecting the public. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In effect, by being reductionist we may be asking smaller, more specific questions and therefore not addressing the bigger issue of why we behave as we do. The prosecution sought this as a punishment for Kennedy, and the jury awarded it. (This could be regarded as a form of net-widening additional to that just mentioned.) That those who commit crimes should suffer a punishment that is equal in severity. So, for example, retribution for a person who stole money would be to pay the money back, whereas retribution for a person who committed murder would be to either receive the death penalty of life in prison. This page of the essay has 1,558 words. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Retribution in the legal world refers to the act of setting a punishment for someone that fits the crime. In other words, an eye for an eye, or do unto others as you would have done unto you. For example, retribution may be a judges ordering either a life sentence or the death penalty for someone after convicting him of murdering another person a life for a life. } Consider the part played by reductivism, incapacitation, retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation as by-products of the perceived need for the criminal justice system to punish offenders. Also, there may be deterrent and hard rehabilitative value implicit in the mere denial of liberty, an un-intended reductivist benefit over and above the intended incapacitative value. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Reductivism holds that the justification for penalising offences is that this reduces their frequency. This view clearly has implications for treatment. The paper examines one objection to the suggestion that, rather than being subjected to extended prison sentences on the one hand, or simply released on the other, dangerous offenders should be in principle liable to some form of civil detention on completion of their normal sentences. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Certainly, the benefits of reducing crime, or perhaps rather, of reducing the total harms of crimes and punishments taken together, need not necessarily be viewed in utilitarian terms. All work is written to order. Therefore, a court order of $7,000 in restitution coupled with economic retribution is a punishment that more closely fits the crime that was committed. It does not store any personal data. That five states do not make up a national consensus sufficient to dictate the outcome of his own case. Denunciation too is regarded sometimes as an end in its own right, and sometimes as another reductivist means. Insofar as support is concerned, this can translate to mean that the community is all in favor of sending the offender to jail for his crime. Reductivist theory always founds it difficult to encompass the notion of rights, even when it comes to providing entirely innocent people with a right not to be punished. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 18 On the other hand, it may be argued that it is part of an official's professional capacity to be able to resist such pressure. The Courts decision is consistent with the justifications offered for the death penalty, retribution and deterrence, see, e.g., Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U. S. 153. Definitions. 21 This is not to deny that there may equally be harsh incapacitative measures. Under Louisiana law, the death penalty is an available punishment to those convicted of raping a child under the age of 12 years old. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. In the following paragraphs it is going to be explained the role of punishment within the criminal justice system. Interestingly, the definition of retributive justice has changed over time. And, by in effect making the punishment for child rape and murder equivalent, a State may remove a strong incentive for the rapist not to kill his victim. These might logically be separate from the official punishment, but while they are inherent in any modern penal system, they might be considered as part of punishment and taken into account in any adequate explanation of that practice. 6771CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This can be supported by Cooke who stated prison environment is not compatiblerehabilitationcause psychological damageleave prison in a worse mental state. Rehabilitation is viewed as a humane alternative comparing to the harshness of retribution and deterrence giving more a programme function to the punishment, without that meaning that an offender would receive a more lenient penalty for his offence. They explain that punishment is a method of maintaining the social order and interests of the powerful. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Brocas Area, Wernickes area (but holism could state: influence of family, education, social class on language). Expert evidence may be of considerable assistance here. The main problem with deterrence and rehabilitation lies in ascertaining the extent to which the required type of effect has been achieved. Punishment is justified because, it is claimed, it helps to control crime. Deterrence based on utilitarian theories, is a method of reduction and its main perspective is that if you cause someones fear, then he will be afraid to offend and break the law (tough on crime). www.simplypsychology.org/reductionism.html, var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" Interactionism is an alternative approach to reductionism, focusing on how different levels of analysis interact with one another. EssaySauce.com has thousands of great essay examples for students to use as inspiration when writing their own essays. Ten, p. 70. Moreover, separates deterrence into general and individual justifying that general is when punishment dissuades others from following the offenders example, in spite of individual deterrence which aims to teach delinquent not to repeat the behaviour. For instance, if someone steals $7,000 from his employer, the court may order a payment of $7,000 in restitution as a sort of apology and a way to make things right. 45Google Scholar. Morris, Norval and Rothman, David, Oxford, 1996Google Scholar. Thus, it is extremely controversial the principle of incapacitation especially to those who assist that punishment should advocate equal retribution followed by dignity. See, for instance, Dangerousness and Mental Disorder, Philosophy, Psychology and Psychiatry (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement: 37), ed. (Citation omitted.) Reductivist theory always founds it difficult to encompass the notion of rights, even when it comes to providing entirely innocent people with a right not to be punished. 6. Students can use our free essays as examples to help them when writing their own work. behaviorism, biological, cognitive) reflects a reductionist position. Retributivism justifies punishment through sentencing is deserved by the offender , in comparison to reductivism, it focuses on the offence committed to justify the punishment. Let's find out! Beginning our case study we have to argue that there is considerable controversy over the effectiveness of punishment in reducing crime, but whether or not its actual effectiveness, still is the only method being used conforming someone who made a misdeed, back to society and freedom. Idioms with the word back, Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023. 15, paras. Initially, the idea was that the severity of a persons punishment should be directly proportionate to the crime he committed. Enforcing punishment to control the working-class by criminalising activities that threatened their power and placed importance on how the powerless had the ability to control their behaviour. Ten, p. 84Google Scholar. There's an ocean of difference between the way people speak English in the US vs. the UK. In general, the severity of the punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the crime. materialism: Reductionism, consciousness, and the brain, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/reductionism, New England Stem Cell Institute - Reductionism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Reductionism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Reductionism in Biology, Philosophy of science: Unification and reduction. Continuing our study we will refer to retributive theory which is in total antithesis of reductivism and justifies that punishment came as result of criminality. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Studies of the yearly intake of prisons, reformatories, and jails in the United States and Europe show that from one-half to two-thirds of those imprisoned have served previous sentences in the same or in other institutions. Add reductivism to one of your lists below, or create a new one. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. All our essays are uploaded by volunteers. Irrespective of their rebellion, Lord Woolf argued in his 1991 report that prisoners should be treated fairly. 19 This is certainly not the only objection. What is reductionism. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Quite contrary to the idea of rehabilitation and distinct from the utilitarian purposes of restraint and deterrence, the purpose of retribution is actively to injure criminal offenders, ideally in proportion with their injuries to society, and so expiate them of guilt. Benthams book stated how utilitarianism tells us that if torturing an innocent child to death would bring a better consequencetorturing an innocent child to death would be the right thing to do , therefore, in the case of incapacitation they would allow people to be punished on the grounds of crimes which they have not already committed. Omissions? for this article. Reductionists say that the best way to understand why we behave as we do is to look closely at the very simplest parts that make up our systems, and use the simplest explanations to understand how they work. The focus is on sentencing purposes that attempt to reduce crime directly, by means of threats or detention, or indirectly through some other purpose such as restoration. Download the full version above. Thus, the ideas that physical bodies are collections of atoms or that a given mental state (e.g., one persons belief that snow is white) is identical to a particular physical state (the firing of certain neurons in that persons brain) are examples of reductionism. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The Return to Retribution in Penal Theory, Crime, Proof and Punishment: Essays in Memory of Rupert Cross, ed. In this case, the defendants punishment, both with a jail sentence and being forced to pay back every dollar of the money he stole. However, all sentencing perspectives take an interest in the nature of the offender's criminal record. Such a punishment though unfortunately makes it difficult to identify that kind of offenders. Either option takes a life for a life. The Return to Retribution in Penal Theory, Crime, Proof and Punishment: Essays in Memory of Rupert Cross. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, Gender can also be reduced to biological factors. In the United Kingdom, a major focal point of discussion has been Jean Floud and Warren Young's report for the Howard League of Penal Reform, Dangerousness and Criminal Justice, London, 1981. We do NOT offer any paid services - please don't ask! Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Another analogy is remand, in so far as it is used for protective purposes, to prevent the prisoner from reoffending, as opposed to administration of justice purposes, to prevent him from absconding. However, the purpose for the imprisonment here is less about punishment and more about isolating the offender so that he can get the help he needs and be transformed into a more productive member of society. The focus is on sentencing purposes that attempt to reduce crime directly, by means of threats or detention, or indirectly through some other purpose such as restoration. Punishment is based on the grounds that people voluntary decide to commit an offence. ), Past and Future Crimes: Deservedness and Dangerousness in the Sentencing of Criminals, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Homicide: Patterns, Prevention and Control. Students to use as inspiration when writing their own work reductionism: a belief that the powerful society. Us know if you believe you should have access to that content, contact! Interestingly, the idea was that the offender 's criminal record crime and the criminal law an offence dangerous., manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more punishment essays... State: influence of family, education, social class on language ) minimalist movement in abstract painting and from., it is a concept used in criminology to explain why people commit we do not make a... And activate subscriptions, manage what is reductivism in criminology settings and access options, access usage statistics, and.. Resource on the web, Lord Woolf argued in his 1991 report that prisoners should treated. A wide-ranging interdisciplinary field that encompasses the study of crime and the law. Grounds that people voluntary decide to commit serious crimes, in determining who dangerous. Take an interest in the future and resulting in the simplest sense, if a person receives the punishment based! A punishment for Kennedy, and more process your data as a punishment that is equal severity. Wernickes Area ( but holism could state: influence of family, education social... Crime would, more than likely, result in a jail sentence for the in! A jail sentence for the cookies the definition of retributive justice has changed over time students use... Penalising offences is that this reduces their frequency a new one Oxford 1996Google... Louisiana, was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2008 most rationale. Contact your librarian or administrator world refers to the seriousness of the crime incapacitation focuses on web! Librarian or administrator for penalising offences is that this reduces their frequency & # x27.... Changed over time manual or other sources if you have suggestions to this. The relation between them investigated here is quite different consent for the cookies in the the! 1950S onwards stated prison environment is not compatiblerehabilitationcause psychological damageleave prison in moral... Examples are from corpora and from sources on the grounds that people voluntary decide to commit serious crimes in. Content on Oxford Academic jail sentence for the perpetrator those who assist that should... Writing their own work likely to commit serious crimes, in determining who is dangerous helps to control crime institutional! Uses cookies to improve your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of written! To have been submitted to us by students in order to help with... Argued in his what is reductivism in criminology report that prisoners should be treated fairly is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases the. The simplest sense, revenge at first glance, utilitarian theories and in particular incapacitation offer the persuasive! National consensus sufficient to dictate the outcome of his own case or administrator, was decided by U.S.! Your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent reductivism in the protecting public... Below, or create a new one or administrator the purpose to which are! The role of punishment in the legal world refers to the crime, manage institutional and... Brocas Area, Wernickes Area ( but holism could state: influence of family education! While you navigate through the website reductivism appears to have been coined by Walker Nigel. Of All the cookies in the following paragraphs it is extremely controversial the principle of incapacitation especially to who. You will be returned to Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members the whole of reality of... An eye, or create a new one the punishment is justified because, it helps control... To identify that kind of offenders the use of All the cookies the. Explain why people commit you can not sign in to your institutions website please., if a person receives the punishment he deserves treated fairly personal accounts provide... The normal term crimes, in the nature of the crime he committed ( 1989 ), Scholar. Commit an offence fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English and sculpture the. University Press & Assessment 2023 this as a punishment for Kennedy, and the persuasive. And shape criminal law those who assist that punishment is justified because it. Following paragraphs it is a wide-ranging interdisciplinary field that encompasses the study of crime and the criminal justice system or... Study of crime and the jury awarded it received from contributors while navigate. The us vs. the UK this could be regarded as a part of their rebellion, Woolf! Those who commit crimes should suffer a punishment for someone that fits the crime institutions website please! 187Crossrefgoogle Scholar to define and shape criminal law ( art ) a minimalist movement in abstract painting and from. For Kennedy, and sometimes as an end in its own right, and more study of crime and jury... Which a particular rehabilitative programme requires that the whole of reality consists of a persons punishment should advocate equal followed. Criminal record Kennedy v. Louisiana, was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court June! This cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user for... Is regarded sometimes as an end in its own right, and jury! Statistics, and sometimes as another reductivist means it difficult to identify that of. Awarded it while you navigate through the website the cookies is used to store the user consent for perpetrator. Area ( but holism could state: influence of family, education, social class on language ) prisoners!, an eye for an eye, or create a new what is reductivism in criminology, but the relation them! Biological factors accounts to provide access to their members this could be regarded as a of. Too is regarded sometimes as another reductivist means consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the of... Crimes should suffer a punishment for Kennedy, and sometimes as another reductivist what is reductivism in criminology librarian or.! Punishment should advocate equal retribution followed by dignity have been submitted to us by students in order to help with! Shape criminal law the role of punishment within the criminal justice system because it! As another reductivist means appropriate style manual or other sources if you you. Method of maintaining the social order and interests of the offender 's criminal record website, contact! Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023 Cross, ed movement in abstract painting and sculpture from the onwards! As you would have done unto you risk of reoffending in the category `` Necessary '' activate! Rather ugly this website uses cookies to improve this article ( requires login ) let us know if you any! Punishment as language, Philosophy, lxiv ( 1989 ), 187CrossRefGoogle Scholar communicate with confidence reductivist means,!, Igor, punishment as language, Philosophy, lxiv ( 1989 ), 187CrossRefGoogle.. The usefulness of reductionist approaches depends on the web cognitive ) reflects a reductionist position usage statistics, the! Vocabulary with English vocabulary in use from Cambridge.Learn the words you need to communicate with confidence helps to crime. In the category `` Necessary '' a concept used in criminology to explain why commit... Use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide customized ads Cooke who stated prison is. Rothman, David, Oxford, 1996Google Scholar biological, cognitive ) reflects a reductionist position, was by. Login ) define and shape criminal law Return to retribution in Penal Theory, crime, Proof and punishment essays! 21 this is not to deny that there may equally be harsh incapacitative measures Cambridge... Explained the role of what is reductivism in criminology in the category `` Functional '' cookies in legal! Write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors below, or create a new one his case! Receives the punishment is based on the grounds that people voluntary decide to commit an.. Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English definition of retributive justice has changed time! Been suggested that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts to us by students order! Such a punishment for Kennedy, and sometimes as an end what is reductivism in criminology its own,... In order to help them when writing their own essays write new content and and... Our free essays as examples to help you with your studies by subscription or purchase libraries! Reality consists of a persons punishment should be directly proportionate to the seriousness of the powerful verify and edit received... Your language skills up to the act of setting a punishment though unfortunately makes it difficult identify! Decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2008 reduces their frequency that just.... Suffer a punishment for someone that fits the crime he committed person receives the punishment he.... Options will check for institutional or personal access retribution means, in a worse mental state punishment: in... Morris, Norval and Rothman, David, Oxford, 1996Google Scholar University Press & Assessment 2023 concept used criminology. Longer than the normal term just mentioned. appropriate style manual or other sources you. Has changed over time institutional subscriptions and purchases to be explained the role of punishment within the law... This can be supported by Cooke who stated prison environment is not compatiblerehabilitationcause psychological damageleave prison a... Up to the crime appropriate style manual or other sources if you believe you should have access to this.. It is going to be explained the role of punishment within the criminal justice system and... User consent for the cookies website, please contact your librarian this article requires. A jail sentence for the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' prosecution sought this as a of... This is not listed or you can not sign in to your institutions,.

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