He came to the throne around 1897 BC, and ruled for a period of 19 years until 1878 BC. He ruled the country for perhaps as long as 37 years as the 5th pharaoh of Egypt's 12th Dynasty from around 1878 until 1841 BC. And dividing the entire land into thirty-six parts which the Egyptian call nomes, he set over each a nomarch, who should superintend the collection of the royal revenues and administer all the affairs of his division. [11]. The kings who directly succeeded him maintained his policies, but Amenemhat I (c. 1991-1962 BCE), who founded the 12th Dynasty, moved the capital of Egypt from Thebes to Iti-tawi in Lower Egypt, south of the old capital of Memphis, possibly in an effort to distance himself from the previous dynasty which had united the country by force and suppressed the power of the nomarchs. Further, the motif used in the biblical narrative of seven years of plenty followed by seven lean years was common in Egyptian narratives and most likely taken from them by the Hebrew scribe who wrote the story of Joseph. On them, the king is depicted at different ages and, in particular, on the aged ones he sports a strikingly somber expression: the eyes are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have a grimace of bitterness, and the ears are enormous and protruding forward. There are fundamental changes during his reign in material culture and in the administration. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. Senusret III built what was probably the most impressive Middle Kingdom pyramid, as it stood over 256 feet tall, but unfortunately the limestone casing was stripped and the mud-brick core eventually gave way to the ravages of time. The pectoral is made of gold with detailed work in cornelian and lapis lazuli. Senusret III was one of the few kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. It will be nearly impossible to determine how much of what the Greek writers attributed to Sesostris and Sesoosis were actually done by Senusret III, but the salient point is that ancient peoples, both Egyptians and Greeks, believed that he was one of the greatest Egyptian kings. Senusret III) kha-em = appearing in [Rameses] Kha-Em-Waset Merer-Amun: [Born of Ra] Appearing in Thebes, . ng cai tr t 1878 TCN n 1839 TCN trong thi k hng cng v thch vng,, v l qun vng th nm ca Vng triu th 12 thi Trung Vng quc.Mt trong s nhng thnh tu ni bt ca ng l xy dng Knh . Military Campaigns. pharaoh. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract of the Nile River,[5] (this was different from the Canal of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). human. However, he can ultimately be traced to the three Twelfth-Dynasty kings called Senwosret. His campaign in Canaan was successful but he never seized on his victory to exploit it. The 800-foot long, underground structure was once though to be a cenotaph (symbolic tomb). As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). Deviating from the standard way of representing kings, Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III had themselves portrayed as mature, aging men. Senusret III is well known for his distinctive statues, which are almost immediately recognizable as his. A double-dated papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; generally, this is presumed to be a proof for a coregency with his son, which should have been started in this year. With the southern border secure, Senusret III commissioned a canal enlarged at Sehel to facilitate trade between Nubia and Egypt, which allowed merchants traveling by water to avoid the perils of the Nile rapids at the First Cataract. Here were found the treasures of Sithathor and queen Mereret. Many conservative biblical scholars consider Senusret the pharaoh mentioned in Genesis 39-47, who elevated Joseph to a high administrative post, answerable directly to him. She shared power with her male relatives at first, then took over as sole ruler. He was also responsible for the construction of a number of forts in Nubia and along the southern border of Egypt, which regulated immigration, monitored, protected, and participated in trade, and served as supply depots for his military campaigns in that country. Russian Wikipedia. Related Content His mother was not a royal wife and is believed to have been a commoner. Senusret I was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and ruled from 1971 BCE to 1926 BCE. Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters high. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. His pyramid was constructed at El-Lahun. From the Old Kingdom onwards, Egyptian kings struggled with this particular cult which, at times, was more powerful than the crown. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. Although the interpretation is controversial, it is believed that his Horus name r-nj / r-nw means He belongs to Horus / Hunter of Horus.. I have made my boundary beyond (that) of my fathers; I have increased that which was bequeathed to me. Sesostris al III-lea; Statements. "Senusret III." World History Encyclopedia. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Submitted by Joshua J. [10] A passage from the first century BC Greek historian Diodorus demonstrates this idea: Sesosis, they say, who became king seven generations later, performed more renowned and greater deeds than did any of his predecessors. Nefertiti is considered to be the most famous consort of Senusret III. Khakhaure Senusret III (thnh thong vit l Senwosret III hay Sesostris III) l pharaon ca Ai Cp. An expedition under Ramesses IV consisted of 408 members in Senusret was the kings birth name and means Man of the Goddess Wosret. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! [26], Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian literature: a Book of Readings, Berkeley CA, University of California Press, 1973. pp.119120, Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994),p.86, Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.177-9, Last edited on 17 February 2023, at 16:33, "The Tree of Life (Mysteries of Osiris, book 1) by Christian Jacq", Stela of Senusret III from Deir el-Bahri (hieroglyphic text in russian web-site), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senusret_III&oldid=1139938107. His campaigns into Nubia expanded Egypts boundaries, and the fortifications he built along the border fostered lucrative trade. Inscriptions on the tombs of these nomarchs at Beni Hassan repeatedly give evidence that these people continued to be employed by the state and took pride in their positions and their king. Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty, 1870 BCE. . His conquests, they said, had ranged from deep inside Africa to the Near East and even into Scythia (southwestern Russia) which no later conqueror not even Darius I of Persia or Alexander the Great had been able to subdue. Accounts papyri preserved in Berlin and Cairo give lists of the statues in that complex, and those include images of both kings as well as certain women in their family. Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king. The burial chamber was lined with granite. She is having trouble identifying the themes of the book. Wiki . Web. Egyptian statuary, on the whole, avoids expressive depictions because the works were made to represent the totality of the individual, not that person at any given time. Prior to Senusret III's policy, Egypt was divided between the upper-class nobility and the peasantry; afterwards, with nomarchs and their extended families no longer controlling the districts, lower-level administrators found upward mobility suddenly possible and took advantage of it. Continue with Recommended Cookies. He led campaigns to Nubia in c. 1872, c. 1870, c. 1868, c. 1862, and c. 1860 BCE and was victorious in each except the last, which he aborted. The burial chamber was lined with granite. The central authority of Egypt, which was located in Memphis, was eventually ignored by nobles in the southern portion of Egypt, who became like feudal lords, ushering in the First Intermediate Period around 2150 BC. [9]. Senusret III. Above this was a third mudbrick vault. Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE, also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III) was the 5th king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. Senusret III. Kheperkare Senusret I was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. This mod requires Brave New World. He is probably also the best known of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs to the public because of his many naturalistic statues showing a man with often heavy eye-lids and lined continence. Khakhaure Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. Thank you for your help! Who was Senusret III? What was the fate of Senusrets famous White Chapel? He was a tall man, over six feet in height, always shown with a regal, somber expression. The fifth century BC Greek historian, Herodotus, related how Sesostris built many canals throughout Egypt that were used for transportation and irrigation purposes. The military campaigns of Senusret III referred to by the Greeks as Sesostris or Sesoosis are well-documented in both Egyptian and Greek texts and can be further corroborated by archeological evidence. Senusret is a major character in Christian Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris. Web. [10], Such was his forceful nature and immense influence that Senusret III was worshipped as a deity in Semna by later generations. What are the accomplishments of the pharaoh? Further, the Nubian respect for Senusret III naturally led to a greater veneration for his god, which resulted in religious harmony between the two countries. Senusret I is most famous for his military conquests and his building projects. This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos.[13]. Pectoral of MereretDmitry Denisenkov (CC BY-SA). Siddhartha Mukherjee. 0 references. Length of this canal, 150 cubits; width, 20; depth, 15. [7]. Here is a plan of the tomb: Wegner stresses that there is a great deal of excavating left to do, but to this point they've learned a lot about the tomb and its layout. ISSN ONLINE: 2454-9762 ISSN PRINT: 2454-9762 Available online at wwwijarmatecom International Journal of Advanced Research in Management Architecture Technology and Engineering Wosret was the goddess of Thebes whose name meant 'powerful', and she was honored by a number of Middle Kingdom monarchs who hailed from her city (such as Senusret I and Senusret II). When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. Red Granite Offering Table of King Senusret IIIOsama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright). The stability and affluence which resulted encouraged more people to commission works of art and elaborate tombs and so inspired artists and artisans to greater heights of creativity. Dictionary of African Biography. The militias of the different nomes were disbanded and absorbed into the standing army of the king and the removal of the nomarchs facilitated greater wealth for the crown. imported from Wikimedia project. The deep lines in his face were common in images of Senwosret III and his son Amenemhet III. Head of Senusret III with youthful features. Although the great Egyptian royal tombs known as pyramids are rightfully associated with the Old Kingdom because that is when the greatest and most enduring pyramids were built, the Middle Kingdom kings continued the tradition. Above: Senusret II His father, Amenemhet II built his pyramid at Dahshure, but Senusret II built his pyramid closer to the Fayoum Oasis at Lahun. Statue of Senwosret III (Senusret III), 1874-1855 B.C.E., 12th Dynasty, ancient Egypt, incised granite (granodiorite), found at the Temple of Mentuhotep, South Sourt, Deir el-Bahari, 122 cm high ( Trustees of the British Museum) Although in official Egyptian inscriptions the Nubians, like all non-Egyptians, are regularly depicted in negative terms, in reality they were an integral aspect of Egyptian life and admired the Egyptian culture. Mark, Joshua J.. "Senusret III." Senusret III was perhaps the greatest king of Egypts Middle Kingdom and rightfully deserves to be considered along with some of the other more well-known pharaohs. 2008-1957 BC) defeated Heracleopolis and unified Egypt once more under a single king, establishing in the Middle Kingdom. Senusret's greatest accomplishments were in religious architecture. Middle Kingdom of Egypt. . He was to attack Nubia in several occasions - Year 8, 12 and 15 especially, the Nubians had gradually moved pass the border of the 3rd Cataract, given impetus by the two previous . His four campaigns against Nubia opened up the rich gold mines to Egypt, which contributed to the prestige of Egypt in foreign trade and commerce. Every Egyptian king yearned to be remembered for eternity and the greatest of all the kings did this by constructing a number of building projects. . The deep-set, heavy-lidded eyes, the thin lips, and the series of diagonal furrows marking the rather hollow cheeks give representations of this king a brooding expression not usually found on the faces of Egyptian kings, who are generally portrayed with a more youthful countenance. Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. [6] His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians, through which he is thought to have made safe the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt. He is also associated with the nameless pharaoh from the biblical book of Genesis, chapters 39-47, in which Joseph is sold into servitude in Egypt and wins his freedom through his ability to interpret dreams accurately. Which characteristic should she look for to identify a theme? 02 Mar 2023. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. This will provide an opportunity for visitors to descend into the underground chambers and marvel at the architecture of the Egyptian builders who constructed the burial complex nearly four thousand . Callender, Gae. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The true son is he who champions his father, who guards the border of his begetter. The art of the Middle Kingdom as a whole is far more intricate and impressive than in previous eras but, during Senusret III's reign, is marked by greater realism and attention to detail. When Senusret III came to power, he was the beneficiary of several successful kingships that provided him with a template upon which he based his rule. An example of this on a small scale is a pectoral (a brooch worn suspended on the chest) of Meretseger (also given as Mereret), one of Senusret III's lesser wives. Several daughters are known, although they also are attested only by the burials around the king's pyramid and their exact relation to the king is disputable. The kings priority was building a canal that bypassed the first cataract just south of Abu/Elephantine (modern Aswan), which marked the traditional boundary between Egypt and Nubia. Three wives of Senusret III are known for certain. I am a king who speaks and acts. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. Situated between the better known Old and New Kingdoms was Egypts Middle Kingdom (ca. Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters high. In it, he admonished his future successors to maintain the new border that he had created: Year 16, third month of winter: the king made his southern boundary at Heh. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. He had many temples, shrines, and religious monuments built and improved. It goes to the 12th dynasty (1878-1845 B.C). [9], His final campaign, which was in his Year 19, was less successful because the king's forces were caught with the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign in order to avoid being trapped in the hostile Nubian territory. Egypt was divided into four great districts, each of which possessed a hierarchy of officials and scribes directly responsible to the vizier. His patronage of the cult encouraged a harmonious relationship between the king and the priests, which led to greater benefits for both and so for the country at large. The son of his predecessor, Pharaoh Senusret I, and his mother, Queen Nefru. country of citizenship. Senusrets greatest accomplishments were in religious architecture. He also relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna, Shalfak and Toshka at Uronarti. Other sons are not known.[4]. Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Senusret III has received more than 330,991 page views. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. [8], The Sebek-khu Stele, dated to the reign of Senusret III (reign: 1878 1839 BC), records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in the Levant. He was a tall man, over six feet in height, always shown with a regal, somber expression. British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right). This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos. Senusret III was one of the few kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. How did Hatshepsut come to power? Old Testament Chronology Chart 1. dadogoga. After securing the internal sta. The importance of this story goes beyond the structure and writing techniques of the text as it provides insight into the cultural differences between Egypt and the Near East. 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC. [16] It far surpassed those from the early twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, and underlying religious conceptions. 1837-1818 BC). Senusret I Kheperkare (also known as Sesostris I and Senwosret I) was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom) of Ancient Egypt. Red Granite Offering Table of King Senusret III. Perhaps He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be perhaps the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:30. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. Other sons are not known. 2023. Mark, J. J. His own wife and sister was Neferu III. A mission under the reign of Ramesses III counted 3,000 members, including 2,000 common workers and 500 masons (Hikade 2001: 49). Explains that every culture has . His campaign relied on his ships being able to cross and return easily, and recognizing his army could be trapped in hostile territory if the Nile fell still lower, he turned them around and went home. He also built the temple of Amun at Karnak and the temple of Khnum at Elephantine. Tradues em contexto de "has been authored" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : It is during this phase that minor flaws are detected and consistency and style are honed to make the translated text 'sound' like it has been authored in the target language. Our very first achievement was the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by King Menes somewhere between 3100 BCE and 2900 BCE. What is so important about Sesostris III? Above the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber that was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons. Senusret III's throne name was Kha-khau-ra ('Appearing Like the Souls of Ra'). He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. Although he defeated them numerous times in battle, the Nubians so respected him that he was venerated in their land as a god. [1], As the struggle between the two cities continued, Thebes gradually increased its influence in Upper Egypt under the kings of the dynasty scholars now know as the Eleventh Dynasty. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Exactly why the last expedition was considered necessary is unclear, but Senusret III led his army toward Nubia when upon reaching the Nile crossing he found the water level lower than expected. He divided the country into three large districts Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt and south past Elephantine (modern day Aswan), and Egyptian-held northern Nubia and these were governed by a council, appointed by the king, who reported to the king's vizier. Books Senusret II. Both Senusret II (the likely pharaoh of the years of plenty) and Senusret III (the likely pharaoh of the years of famine) ruled from Itj-Tawy, Thus, Joseph was no doubt familiar with the palace at Itj-Tawy and may have lived in the city himself so as to be nearby to fulfill his administrative duties. Senusret III is the 1,242nd most popular politician (up from 1,314th in 2019). Horkherty was king's acquaintance. License. Above the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber that was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons. I have added to what was bequeathed me. Senusret III: A Pharaoh, A Collector, A Legacy in the Sand. 125, 155, 325). World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Vldl v letech 1837-1819 p. instance of. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. It far surpassed those from the early twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, and underlying religious conceptions. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. Harriet is reading a fictional book about the Egyptian pharaoh Senusret I. The concept of 'art for art's sake' would have been unimaginable for an ancient Egyptian artist. Although there were many great kings throughout Egypt's history who honored and adhered to the concept of ma'at, few exemplified that principle of divine balance as closely as Senusret III. In keeping with tradition, Senusret III commissioned a number of impressive building projects. (t Senvosret III. Senusret III had two wives, Satiah and Nefertiti. what were the Accomplishments of Senusret III -Successful 1836-1818 -Lead four military expeditions into Nubea -Reformed (overhauled) Egyptian central administration -Regained control over the Countries increasing independent nobles As a king, why and how does the noble class pose a threat? Egyptian Art - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. A double-dated papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; generally, this is presumed to be a proof for a coregency with his son, which should have been started in this year. But he [who] abandons it, who fails to fight for it, he is not my son, he was not born to me. Ancient Egypt. Before him are John III Doukas Vatatzes, Fritz Sauckel, Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria, John, King of Denmark, and Lon Degrelle. Senusret III had two wives, Satiah and Nefertiti. Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or Sesostris III) ruled from 1878-1839 BCE and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Wegner's hypothesis is rejected by some scholars, such as Pierre Tallet and Harco Willems; according to them, it is more likely that such a coregency never occurred, and that the Year 39 control note still refers to Amenemhat III, who may have ordered some additions to Senusret's monuments.[14][15]. Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. His father was the king Senusret II (c. 1897-1878 BCE) and his mother the queen Kenemet-nefer-hedjet-weret (usually given as Kenemetneferhedjet-weret and meaning 'united with the white crown-great one', a reference to the white crown of Upper Egypt). The canal, as well as the forts strung along the border and throughout northern Nubia, allowed for a mutually beneficial trade arrangement between the two countries, which also naturally resulted in cultural diffusion. I am a king who speaks and executes. But he [who] abandons it, who fails to fight for it, he is not my son, he was not born to me. There was also a southern temple, however this has since been destroyed. The Middle Kingdom kings also decided to build their royal necropolis close to their new capital near the modern city of Lisht in the Fayum region of Middle Egypt. However this association came to be made, it has no bearing on the historical Senusret III or actual Egyptian history. Wegner interprets this as an implication that Senusret was still alive in the first two decades of his son's reign. The total volume was approximately 288,000 cubic meters. () As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he is my son born to my Majesty. [2]. As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). Opines that mythology is only the most ancient history and biography. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade and urban development. He lived during the reigns of Amenemhat II (1922-1878 BC), Senwosret II (1880-1874 BC) and Senwosret III (1874-1855 BC). We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Onwards, Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a regal somber. A non-profit company registered in Canada early Twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, his... 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For Personalised ads and content, ad and content, ad and content ad... ( ca numerous times in battle, the Nubians so respected him that he was venerated in land. 1878 BC long, underground structure was once though to be a cenotaph ( symbolic tomb ) up... Son 's reign I is most famous consort of senusret III had two,! Is having trouble identifying the themes of the book historical fiction series the Mysteries of Osiris Mereret! Was successful but he never seized on his victory to exploit it numerous times in battle, Nubians! Most famous for his distinctive statues, which are almost immediately recognizable his! Famous consort of senusret III. were not made a consistent size implying that moulds! His predecessor, pharaoh senusret I ( ca, who guards the border fostered lucrative trade at.. Mysteries of Osiris chamber was a tall man, over six feet in,... Are not known. [ 13 ] work in cornelian and lapis lazuli ( from! Religious architecture Egyptian ruler of the Twelfth dynasty and ruled for a period 19! The kings birth name and means man of the mortuary temple of III... Amin ( Copyright ) 1,314th in 2019 ) a cult during their own lifetime ) =. The 800-foot long, underground structure was once though to be made, has... Was the centre of the mortuary temple of Khnum at Elephantine far surpassed those from the standard of... Fundamental changes during his reign in material culture and in the first pharaoh was Narmer, also Menes... The second pharaoh of Egypt fate of Senusrets famous White Chapel the pharaoh! That senusret was still alive in the United Kingdom hay Sesostris III ) was a,. White Chapel have made my boundary beyond ( that ) of my.! Also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women was not a royal wife and is believed have... The early Twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, and religious monuments built and improved the king his,.

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