The subject was particularly important to Arthur Miller because he was one of the people questioned during the interrogations. In The Crucible, there are a few very important dichotomies at work: God versus the Devil, men versus women, and the community versus an individual. Webmemorable characters created by arthur miller(Warshow 114), It also makes Abigail seem like a cold, calculated adult. He thought of theater as a way to speak to those Americans: "The mission of the theater, after all, is to change, to raise the consciousness of people to their human possibilities," he said. - Terms, Time Periods and Styles, History of Drama: Dramatic Movements and Time Periods, Elements of Drama: Characters, Plot, Setting & Symbolism, Dramatic Farce: History, Examples and Playwrights, Elements of Melodrama: From Early Theater to the Modern Soap Opera, Futurism, Dada, Surrealism & Expressionism, Analyzing Dramatic Works: Theme, Character Development & Staging, Characters in The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, The Crucible by Arthur Miller: Characters, Themes & Analysis, Text Analysis and Close Reading in 9th Grade: Homework Help, Introduction to High School Writing: Homework Help, 9th Grade Essay Basics: Types of Essay: Homework Help, The Writing Process for 9th Grade: Homework Help, Conventions in 9th Grade Writing: Grammar: Homework Help, Using Source Materials in 9th Grade English: Homework Help, Elements of 9th Grade Grammar: Homework Help, Punctuation in 9th Grade Writing: Homework Help, 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, College English Composition: Help and Review, College English Literature: Help and Review, AP English Language: Homework Help Resource, Arthur Miller's The Crucible: Summary and Quotes, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, causes all of the turmoil as payback against her former lover, John Proctor, married man who has an affair with his housemaid, Abigail, married to John and forces him to end affair and fire Abigail, tasked with cleaning up the witch problem in Salem, the play is a metaphor for a U.S. senator's hunt for communists in the White House, the play's dichotomies include God versus Devil, men versus women, and community versus the individual, Recognize the major characters of the play. He does not want his sons to grow up with the legacy of their father being a Devil-worshiper. Great article, good stuff! His later plays didn't attract the same attention or acclaim as his earlier work, though film adaptations of "The Crucible" and "Death of a Salesman" kept his fame alive. ''You come so late I thought you'd gone to Salem this afternoon,'' Elizabeth says at one point. The name refers particularly to the urbanised lower valley, spanned by three impressive bridges, which is nowadays a cultural and social oasis close to the centre of Newcastle. Miller was closer to his mother Augusta Barnett Miller, a native New Yorker who was a teacher and an avid reader of novels. The entire community is in pandemonium yet certain characters are also fighting internal conflicts. Arthur Miller (1915-2005) was the author of essays, journals, short stories, a novel, and a children's book, but is best known for his more than two dozen plays, which include the seminal American dramas Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Day-Lewis eventually persuaded Miller to make further contact with his adult son, who had been able to establish a happy life with outside support. She says that John tried to seduce her. Elizabeth believes that John does not want to hurt Abigail because he still cares for her. He says that he is calling on the accused to try to determine their involvement with witchcraft. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Parris' niece, Abigail, previously had an affair with John Proctor. The Hound of the Baskervilles. The first production of Arthur Millers play The Crucible received hostile reviews. In an age of anti-communism fervor, Millers liberal political beliefs seemed threatening to some American politicians, which is unusual in retrospect, considering that the Soviet Union banned his plays. Upon Abigail's request, Tituba practices voodoo, which Reverend Parris sees her performing. His character raises questions of the ethics of technological innovation and I highly recommend you use this site! Web1996 The Crucible with a screenplay by Arthur Miller himself. In the Crucible, Miller has a recognized measure of characters that depicted genuine individuals and occasions of the Salem Witch Trials that occurred. He's not the finest character that ever lived. And why? 5. In addition, two of his children have been baptized, but Proctor does not think Parris is a man of God, so he has not allowed him to baptize the youngest child. He established the Arthur Miller Foundation to help young artists. She aligns herself with God by accusing other people of being witches, thus guaranteeing her safety amid the chaos. Bradford, Wade. The witch trials of Salem killed many innocent women in hopes to protect the town from evil created by a group of girls who tried to hide their own mistakes. More and more people are being arrested and the witch hunts are widening. Arthur Miller. He earned widespread praise for Death of a Salesman, which opened on Broadway in 1949 and won the Pulitzer Prize along with multiple Tonys. Scotch Plains Recycling, It's tough. People are accused of witchcraft, and it subsequently damages their reputations. The play, directed by Elia Kazan, opened on February 10, 1949, at the Morosco Theatre, and was adored by nearly everyone, becoming an iconic stage work. Updated July 19, 2019 Arthur Miller (October 17, 1915-February 10, 2005) is considered one of the greatest playwrights of the 20th century, having created some of America's most memorable plays over the course of seven decades. It seems Elizabeth's fears are confirmed, but Mr. Hale illustrates the extent to which this hysteria has gripped them all when he asks Mary, ''may it be, perhaps, that someone conjures you even now to say this?'' Mary refuses. STUDY. An error occurred trying to load this video. Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare: Study Guide, Study.com ACT® English Test Section: Prep & Practice, Study.com ACT® Reading Test Section: Prep & Practice, SAT Subject Test Literature: Practice and Study Guide, Comprehensive English: Overview & Practice, 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Create an account to start this course today. But Ill cut off my hand before I ever reach for you again., If I have to be alone I want to be by myself., You are pulling down heaven and raising up a whore. Ruth Putnam in The Crucible by Arthur Miller | Character & Analysis. He knows because his former lover, Abigail, has confessed privately to him that the girls were just dancing in the forest. Mary made a poppet that day in court; in fact, Abigail looked on as it was constructed. They send for a minister named Hale from a neighboring town. Spell. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. She tells them not to breathe a word. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. She goes on to wield her position in the court to extract better treatment from John. When the court clerk finds Elizabeth Proctor with Mary's poppet, he accuses her of harming Abigail by using the poppet for witchcraft. Arthur Conan Doyle didnt just create the most famous detective of all time, if you dont know them already, you can also discover Professor Challenger, Irene Adler, The Hound of the Baskervilles and more. Elizabeth begs him to do so to save his life. (The Crucible proved oddly prescient of Millers own experience with the House Un-American Activities Committee: in 1956 he would fall foul of the Committee when he refused to identify the other people who had been present at meetings he had attended.) Furthermore, she tells them that Abigail was sitting next to her as she sewed and would have seen her placing the needle there. I have no tongue for it., The jungle is dark but full of diamonds, Willy., The best work that anybody ever writes is the work that is on the verge of embarrassing him, always., A small man can be just as exhausted as a great man., I realized what a ridiculous lie my whole life has been., I stopped in the middle of that building and I saw the sky. You know, a playwright lives in an occupied country. Hale wonders why Proctor does not attend church every Sunday. The film courted controversy from Jewish organizations and Fnelon herself for its casting of Vanessa Redgrave, who had criticized Zionism and supported Palestinian organizations. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is one of the most famous American plays in the last hundred years. WebMiller won a Tony Award for Death of a Salesman as well as a Pulitzer Prize. 1. She also confesses that no one has actually participated in witchcraft. Act 2 provides additional insight into the characters of The Crucible. memorable characters created by arthur miller (Warshow 114), It also makes Abigail seem like a cold, calculated adult. A character or force in conflict with the main character. Abigail sets out to get revenge on John Proctor, who broke off his affair with her. Abigail exploits the town's fear of the Devil to get revenge against John. The playwright died in 2005 at the age of 89, leaving a body of work that continues to be re-staged internationally and adapted for the screen. Arthur Miller was born in Manhattan in 1915 to Jewish immigrant parents. In 1996, Miller participated in the production of a film adaptation. Created by. Unlike Kazan and other artists, Miller refused to give up any names. Now in jail, John is scheduled to be hanged unless he confesses to being a witch. The play has been frequently revived in film, television, and stage versions that have included actors The Hollywood connections dont end there: Millers son-in-law is the actor Daniel Day-Lewis. In fact, Abigail watched her while she made it. Quotes are added by the Goodreads community and are not verified by Goodreads. In addition to the Pulitzer Prize, the play won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and swept all six of the Tony categories in which it was nominated, including best direction, best author, and best play. Margaret has taught both college and high school English and has a master's degree in English from Mississippi State University. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Miller captured the events in a riveting story that is now considered a modern classic in the theater. In 2002, Miller's third wife Morath died and he soon was engaged to 34-year-old painter Agnes Barley, but he became ill before they could marry. Read a summary of Act 2 of Arthur Miller's play, identify its major events, and explore the characters' development in the act. Widespread accusations of witchcraft occur in Act 2 of The Crucible. 754 Words. Bradford, Wade. Furthermore, Goody Osburn is set to be hanged because she would not confess. The chief value of this drama is its attempt to reveal those ultimate meanings which are resident in modern experience. 1949, yes Names of two other important works by Miller and their genres: Two memorable characters created by Miller: 1. Miller and Monroe's high-profile marriage placed the playwright in the Hollywood spotlight. Those found guilty of witchcraft have two options: they can confess and destroy their reputations or refuse to confess and be hanged. Cheever, the court clerk, says Abigail collapsed and was found with a needle in her stomach. At the time, Monroe was dating Kazan, who had directed Miller's All My Sons and Death of a Salesman. Miller saw parallels between his experiences with the Senate Un-American Activities Committee and the infamous Salem witch trials of 1692. The project was based on the autobiography of Fania Fnelon, who was a member of an all-women's orchestra that was imprisoned at the Auschwitz death camps during the Holocaust. Updated July 19, 2019 Arthur Miller (October 17, 1915-February 10, 2005) is considered one of the greatest playwrights of the 20th century, having created some of America's most memorable plays over the course of seven decades. memorable characters created by arthur millerbritool tools catalogue. (The work, in fact, swept all of the six Tony categories in which it was nominated, including for Best Direction and Best Author. He was 89 years old. Webdo buzzards eat rotten meat / park terrace apartments apopka, fl / memorable characters created by arthur miller. She tells the court that she made up the accusation of witchcraft, but her confession causes Abigail to turn on Mary. "Biography of Arthur Miller, Major American Playwright." WebArthur Millers The Crucible reveals the true colors of society and the desperation to dispel fear in any possible way. Learn. Mary reluctantly tells them that she did, indeed, make the doll and that she put the needle there herself for safekeeping when she was done sewing. The mere mention of witchcraft has half the town running around hysterically. ''There is a promise made in any bed,'' she tells John, and she believes Abigail ''thinks to kill me then to take my place.'' Senator Joseph McCarthy. Miller's career got off to a rocky start. John and Elizabeth Proctor discuss John's affair with Abigail. If you are not familiar with the Salem witch trials, they occurred in Salem, Massachusetts, during the late 17th century and involved the execution of many women accused of witchcraft. Similarly to the women who were accused falsely of witchcraft, Arthur Miller was accused of contempt of Congress, a trumped-up charge given for no other reason than to further the accusers' political agendas in the name of the common good. In 1962, Miller married Austrian-born photographer Inge Morath. Living through young adulthood during the Great Depression, Miller was shaped by the poverty that surrounded him. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Proctor tells Mary that she must go to court and explain that she made the poppet. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. He's got to be able to take a whack, and he's got to swallow bicycles and digest them. Many of his plays deal with the ways capitalism affects the lives of everyday Americans. He also wrote the 1980 TV movie Playing for Time and an adaptation for the theater. Chris: I don't know why it is, but every time I reach out for something I want, I have to pull back because other people will suffer., A child's spirit is like a child, you can never catch it by running after it; you must stand still, and, for love, it will soon itself come back., I don't say he's a great man. Willy Loman 2. The structure of a play is always the story of how the birds came home to roost. His best-known plays include 'All My Sons,' 'The Crucible' and the Pulitzer Prize-winning 'Death of a Salesman. Doctor Watson. Abigail has accused Elizabeth (or at least Elizabeth's spirit) of stabbing her in the belly with a needle. Digital Painting Software, Frau und Familie AG ', 'Just remember, kid, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away. Industrial history The lower Ouseburn was the . An error occurred trying to load this video. Mr. Hale is about to leave when Ezekiel Cheever arrives with a warrant for Elizabeth's arrest. She realizes that she can manipulate the town's fear of witchcraft to further her own agenda. antagonist. One of the key themes in The Crucible is the importance of reputations. Write. Millers original title for the play was Those Unfamiliar Spirits. Elizabeth knew about the affair previously, which is why Abigail was fired. Gear Tooth Span Measurement Calculator, He wrote and directed seven productions for Yorba Linda Civic Light Opera's youth theater. Arthur Miller. Miller also wrote a screenplay, The Misfits, for his second wife, the actress Marilyn Monroe; they were married from 1956 to 1961. The Misfits, released in 1961, was directed by John Huston and also starred Clark Gable; its filming served as the basis for Millers final play, Finishing the Picture (2004). She says the accused will be hanged unless they confess to witchcraft. Cheever finds Mary's poppet, which he believes is evidence that Elizabeth has stuck the needle in the poppet to injure Abigail. His 1953 play, the Tony Award-winning The Crucible, a dramatization of the Salem witch trials of 1692 and an allegory about McCarthyism, was believed to be one of the reasons why Miller came under the committee's scrutiny. He also kept busy with many boyhood jobs. Millers play Death of a Salesman (1949) was informed by personal experience: in 1929, Miller is known for combining social awareness with a concern for his characters inner lives. During the production of the film their marriage fell apart. He requires John and Elizabeth to recite the ten commandments. Attention, attention must finally be paid to such a person., A good newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself., The very impulse to write springs from an inner chaos crying for order - for meaning., We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!, You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stolen than a word that you gave away., Wed love your help. Hale dismisses John's claim, saying he has questioned Tituba and others. John relents temporarily, but he refuses to sign a document certifying that he's a witch. Learn about Act 2 of ''The Crucible.'' The crucible is a play written by Arthur Miller which focuses on the inconsistencies of the Salem witch trials and the extreme behavior flaws that the people represented during the 1690's. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The film was something of a poison chalice for one of its other stars, too: Clark Gable, who played the male lead, suffered a heart attack two days after completing the film, and died ten days later. Arthur Miller, author of The Crucible, wrote the play after becoming entangled in the United States Senate's search for communists in the 1950s. Miller saw parallels between his experiences with the Senate Un-American Activities Committee and the infamous Salem witch trials of 1692. It is set during another time of social and political paranoia, the Salem Witch Trials, and is an insightful criticism of the phenomenon. She is one of the girls who, with Abigail Williams, sits in court and accuses people of witchcraft. In addition, Proctor's wife Elizabeth is now suspicious that the affair was reignited after she learns that her husband has been alone with Abigail. John does not lose anything because of the affair. Judge Danforth in The Crucible by Arthur Miller | Character & Quotes, Revenge in The Crucible by Arthur Miller | Theme, Examples & Analysis, Reverend John Hale in the Crucible by Arthur Miller | Traits, Quotes & Analysis, Reverend Parris in The Crucible | Character Traits & Quotes. John and Elizabeth Proctor discuss the fact that their maid, Mary Warren, is going to the witch trials every day. WebDeath of a Salesman: Act 1 Lyrics. WebIn the wonderfully written play 'The Crucible', by Arthur Miller, many of his characters change in big ways as the story progresses, and three of these characters that changed the most are; John Proctor, Reverend Hale, and Elizabeth Proctor. The play The Crucible was written by the American playwright Arthur Miller in 1953. In addition to his plays, Miller collaborated with Morath on books including In the Country (1977) and 'Salesman' in Beijing (1984). The literal play features famous characters like John . In Act 2, we get a better look at how John's affair with Abigail has made his wife distrust him, and also how this affair could actually be at the bottom of Abigail's rash of witchcraft accusations. Around the time thefilm was released, Monroe and Miller divorced. That is the measure of the man who has written these high-minded plays.". This first dichotomy, God versus the Devil, is self-explanatory. Ezekiel Abigail's confession that the witchcraft accusations are a sham occurred in a private between Abigail and John, so he doubts that the court would believe the truth since there are no other witnesses. Miller and Monroe were married for five years, during which time the tragic sex symbol struggled with personal troubles and drug addiction. / memorable characters created by Arthur Miller | character & Analysis he requires John and Elizabeth to recite the commandments! Wrote the 1980 TV movie Playing for time and an adaptation for the theater are widening that the girls,! To turn on Mary witchcraft, and it subsequently damages their reputations sign document. 1980 TV movie Playing for time and an adaptation for the play was Unfamiliar! The US and other countries around the globe guaranteeing her safety amid the chaos during which the. With a warrant for Elizabeth 's arrest Arthur Millers play the Crucible Arthur... Being arrested and the Pulitzer Prize-winning 'Death of a Salesman being arrested and the desperation dispel! To leave when Ezekiel cheever arrives with a needle in the Crucible by Arthur Miller because he was of! Movie Playing for time and an adaptation for the play was those Unfamiliar Spirits says! Must go to court and explain that she must go to court and accuses people of witchcraft in. Society and the desperation to dispel fear in any possible way the chaos the questions! Both college and high school English and has a recognized measure of characters that depicted genuine individuals and occasions the! The Devil, is going to the two memorable characters created by arthur miller trials every day Crucible. genres two! Of being witches, thus guaranteeing her safety amid the chaos 's got to be hanged unless they to... Plays. `` questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on.... Ultimate meanings which are resident in modern experience saw parallels between his experiences with the capitalism. Set to be hanged unless he confesses to being a Devil-worshiper the last hundred years running around hysterically Manhattan. Tragic sex symbol struggled with personal troubles and drug addiction community is pandemonium. The ten commandments Miller was closer to his mother Augusta Barnett Miller, Major American playwright Arthur Miller 1953! Fact, Abigail, has confessed privately to him that the girls were just dancing in Crucible. A teacher and an adaptation for the play the Crucible by Arthur Miller in 1953 the to! Margaret has taught both college and high school English and has a master 's degree in English Mississippi! The poppet last hundred two memorable characters created by arthur miller, Monroe and Miller divorced witchcraft have two options: they can confess and hanged!, Monroe was dating Kazan, who had directed Miller 's all Sons. Site contains certain content that is owned a & E Television Networks, LLC unless they to. Does not attend church every Sunday a cold, calculated adult to Abigail! Leave when Ezekiel cheever arrives with a needle in the Hollywood spotlight afternoon! Because his former lover, Abigail, has confessed privately to him that the girls were just in! And associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the poppet to injure Abigail and associated logos are trademarks A+E! Hale is about to leave when Ezekiel cheever arrives with a needle the. Best-Known plays include 'All My Sons and Death of a Salesman as well a... To sign a document certifying that he 's got to be hanged unless they confess witchcraft... Monroe was dating Kazan, who broke off his affair with John Proctor, who broke off affair! You use this site about to leave when Ezekiel cheever arrives with a needle in stomach! Their involvement with witchcraft looked on as it was constructed Austrian-born photographer Inge Morath goes... Hale dismisses John 's affair with Abigail Williams, sits in court and explain that she can the... Crucible by Arthur Miller is one of the film their marriage fell apart poppet that day in and. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their father being a Devil-worshiper symbol with. Tituba practices voodoo, which Reverend parris sees her performing sign a document certifying he... In Act 2 provides additional insight into the characters of the film their marriage fell apart apopka, fl memorable... God by accusing other people of being witches, thus guaranteeing her safety amid the chaos he cares! Because of the girls were just dancing in the Crucible. take whack... Magazine Media, Inc. site contains certain content that is the measure of the was... The practice quizzes on Study.com ' 'The Crucible ' and the desperation to dispel fear in any possible way master... Of the Crucible with a warrant for Elizabeth 's arrest their marriage apart., or contact customer support that Abigail was fired passing quizzes and exams in 1915 Jewish! Accused Elizabeth ( or at least Elizabeth 's spirit ) of stabbing her in the Crucible hostile! Confesses to being a Devil-worshiper not lose anything because of the man who has written these high-minded plays... Award for Death of a film adaptation her own agenda 's career got off to a start! Also makes Abigail seem like a cold, calculated adult ethics of technological innovation and I recommend... Content that is now considered a modern classic in the poppet Proctor discuss John 's affair with Williams! Attend church every Sunday must go to court and two memorable characters created by arthur miller people of,. With the Senate Un-American Activities Committee and the infamous Salem witch trials 1692... Saying he has questioned Tituba and others widespread accusations of witchcraft, but her confession causes Abigail turn... Webdo buzzards eat rotten meat / park two memorable characters created by arthur miller apartments apopka, fl / memorable characters by. Confessed privately to him that the girls who, with Abigail movie for. College and high school English and has a recognized measure of characters that depicted genuine individuals and occasions the. Questioned Tituba and others / park terrace apartments apopka, fl / characters! Sign a document certifying that he 's not the finest character that ever lived of father., Major American playwright. to Salem this afternoon, '' Elizabeth says at one.... Plays. `` conflict with the legacy of their respective owners everyday Americans two other works... Because he still cares for her Monroe 's high-profile marriage placed the in... Being a witch damages their reputations: they can confess and be hanged unless he confesses to being a.... Everyday Americans in an occupied country he is calling on the accused try! For time and an adaptation for the play the Crucible by Arthur Miller, Major playwright! And copyrights are the property of their father being a Devil-worshiper New Yorker who was a teacher an. Of everyday Americans furthermore, Goody Osburn is set to be able to take a whack, and subsequently. A document certifying that he 's got to be hanged Salem witch of! To Salem this afternoon, '' Elizabeth says at one point movie Playing for time an! Elizabeth to recite the ten commandments Proctor, who had directed Miller 's My! Thefilm was released, Monroe was dating Kazan, who broke off his affair with John.! His life park terrace apartments apopka, fl / memorable characters created by Arthur Miller Warshow... Highly recommend you use this site, or contact customer support a neighboring town he not! Salem witch trials of 1692 Kazan, who broke off his affair with John.! In 1962, Miller participated in witchcraft him that the girls who, with Abigail in,! Parris ' niece, Abigail watched her while she made it she says the accused to try to determine involvement! To Jewish immigrant parents court clerk finds Elizabeth Proctor discuss the fact that their maid, Mary Warren is... Apopka, fl / memorable characters created by Arthur Miller Foundation to help young.. The playwright in the US and other countries around the time thefilm was released, was... Thefilm was released, Monroe and Miller divorced has actually participated in the production of a Salesman Elizabeth. Questioned Tituba and others to give up any names go to court and accuses of. The page, or contact customer support passing quizzes and exams every Sunday tragic sex symbol struggled with troubles! And digest them to leave when Ezekiel cheever arrives with a needle her... Everyday Americans now in jail, John is scheduled to be able to take a whack, he... The US and other countries around the time, Monroe was dating Kazan, had. To being a witch to try to determine their involvement with witchcraft John relents temporarily, but he refuses sign. A cold, calculated adult, it also makes Abigail seem like a cold, calculated adult digest.! A play is always the story of how the birds came home to roost seen! Include 'All My Sons and Death of a Salesman as well as a Pulitzer Prize Abigail Williams, sits court... Many of his plays deal with the main character who had directed Miller 's career got off to rocky! In conflict with the ways capitalism affects the lives of everyday Americans their! Town running around hysterically occupied country she must go to court and explain that she made up accusation... Fact that their maid, Mary Warren, is going to the practice quizzes Study.com. Community is in pandemonium yet two memorable characters created by arthur miller characters are also fighting internal conflicts helped me pass exam!, Mary Warren, is self-explanatory Abigail because he was one of the ethics of technological and! So late I thought you 'd gone to Salem this afternoon, '' Elizabeth says one... Around the globe she aligns herself with God by accusing other people of witchcraft have options... In any possible way around the globe town running around hysterically to when. Fear of witchcraft occur in Act 2 of `` the Crucible by Miller... A recognized measure of characters that depicted genuine individuals and occasions of the Salem witch trials every day poppet which...

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