When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. antique, Identify the word that is not related in meaning to the other words in the set. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. Between November 9 and 10, 1938, the pogrom now known as Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of over 7,500 Jewish businesses, 1,000 synagogues, and any sense of security Jewish people in Germany and its read more, When Ernst vom Rath went to work on the morning of November 7, 1938, he had no idea he would soon be mortally woundedor that his death would serve as the excuse for a two-day terror attack on German Jews. Of course the "Night of Broken Glass" refers to Kristallnacht, an event that many feel marked the beginning of the Holocaust. Night of Broken Glass 2. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). "[58], The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. [46] Historian Gerhard Weinberg is quoted as saying: "Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. One reason was anxiety over the possibility that Nazi infiltrators would be encouraged to legally settle in America. [85], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1988 composition Mayn Yngele by the composer Frederic Rzewski, of which he says: "I began writing this piece in November 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht My piece is a reflection on that vanished part of Jewish tradition which so strongly colors, by its absence, the culture of our time". 11 terms. The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. [63] A study conducted in 1933 had then shown that 33% of Nazi Party members held no racial prejudice while 13% supported persecution. Scheer, Regina (1993). [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b], [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Feroz Rather's The Night of Broken Glass corrects that anomaly. Rioters ransacked and looted about 7,500 Jewish businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, and vandalized Jewish hospitals, homes, schools, and cemeteries. On this day, on 9 November 1938, commenced 48-hours of 'Kristallnacht', also known as 'The night of broken glass' or 'November Progroms'. They found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. Beyond expressing outrage at the violence, the outside world did little to help. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. "The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Among those expelled was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in Hanover, Germany. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. No other story about the persecution of the Jews received such widespread and sustained attention from the American press at any other time during the Nazi era. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. [82], Five decades later, 9 November's association with the anniversary of Kristallnacht was cited as the main reason as to why Schicksalstag, the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national holiday; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, German reunification). They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Schutzstaffel also kown as black shirts. Nazi officials ordered German police officers and firemen to do nothing as the riots raged and buildings burned, although firefighters were allowed to extinguish blazes that threatened Aryan-owned property. Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. The streets were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus! A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step. The German authorities looked on without intervening. Over 1,000 synagogues, some 3 centuries old, were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. [5] Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist. The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogromswhich took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. However, on the night of November 9, all that changed dramatically. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during, ,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system., How a Near-Death Experience Changed Rais Bhuiyans Life, Today in History: We Hold the Rock: The Occupation of Alcatraz and the Native American Fight for Sovereignty in the Age of Fracture, Jan 6 Hearing Tied Trump to The White Power Movement, Today in History: We Remember March 16th, 2021, Today in History: Antisemitism, an American Problem, Today in History: The Father Coughlin Story, Black History Month: Reflection, Celebration, and Repair, Today in History: Reading the Holocaust 77 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz. [citation needed], The avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklrte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after Kristallnacht, "Hatikvah", with phrases from the German national anthem "Deutschland ber Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht. Answer the following questions in your paragraph: What was the Three Mile Island incident? [72] A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. The turning point. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Fire companies stood by synagogues in flames with explicit instructions to let the buildings burn. It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". [11] Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.[12]. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. PBS: American Experience.Kristallnacht: 1938. ), pp. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. Kristallnacht, (German: "Crystal Night") , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. . On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders. [23], In August 1938, German authorities announced that residence permits for foreigners were being canceled and would have to be renewed. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. This massive campaign of anti-Jewish violence is known as Kristallnacht, meaning "Crystal Night" in German. Kristallnacht. Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. [30] However, he also argued that the anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the Volksgemeinschaft to flourish. At 1:20 a.m. on November 10, Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as head of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei) sent an urgent telegram to headquarters and stations of the State Police and to SA leaders in their various districts, which contained directives regarding the riots. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. November 10, 1938. Eighty years ago this weekend - on November 9-10, 1938 - a wave of anti-Jewish pogroms engulfed Germany, Austria and the areas of . Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc. If you find an error, please let us know. As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. The German band BAP published a song titled "Kristallnaach" in their Cologne dialect, dealing with the emotions engendered by the Kristallnacht. The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. [87] The letter was widely criticized and condemned in The Atlantic,[88] The Independent,[89] among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in Silicon Valley". We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. The site, the size of four football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of 9 November 1938. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. Kristallnacht. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after the violence. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. The German power metal band Masterplan's debut album, Masterplan (2003), features an anti-Nazi song entitled "Crystal Night" as the fourth track. Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). [1] This event was known as "Kristallnacht" a.k.a "The Night of Broken Glass". [31], Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. In The. Hitlers right hand man. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Despite the repressive nature of these policies, through most of 1938, the harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. I Know A Place 6. What immediate effect did Three Mile Island have on energy policy? "Heydrich's secret instructions regarding the riots in November 1938", "Die "Kristallnacht"-Lge - Die Ereignisse vom 9./10. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the history of the Third Reich, marking the shift . [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. For the albums, see, "Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as. Hear the fear in this night. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence continued for several more days. Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris . An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. "[46], The former German Kaiser Wilhelm II commented "For the first time, I am ashamed to be German."[47]. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Despite widespread support, the Wagner-Rogers Bill died in Congress. Shot and killed Ernst Von Rath. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. One such administrator was Breckinridge Long, who was responsible for carrying out policies relating to immigration. He gave the orders on Kristallnacht. [49], The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. genocide? [5] The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. Police records of the period also document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence. After Kristallnacht, conditions for German Jews grew increasingly worse. Welch, Susan. Definition. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. [84], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1993 album Kristallnacht by the composer John Zorn. The unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). Did you know? Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. Despite Roosevelts condemnation of the Nazi violence, the United States refused to ease the immigration restrictions it then had in place, constraints that prevented masses of German Jews from seeking safety in America. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the beginning of the Nazi Holocaust. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. After Kristallnacht: Broken shop windows of German-Jewish business. Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. Shrill screams shattered. Out of uniform, a soldier looks like an ordinary ______. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. [16] Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship and to gain education, including the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933, which forbade Jews to work in the civil service. Significantly, Kristallnacht marks the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity. [12] Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family's expulsion: "No one told us what was up, but we realized this was going to be the end We haven't a penny. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. Lachie_Caucasian. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. Gring, who was in favor of expropriating the property of the Jews rather than destroying it as had happened in the pogrom, directly complained to Sicherheitspolizei Chief Heydrich immediately after the events: "I'd rather you had done in two-hundred Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!" As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police), following Heydrich's instructions, arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. Pehle, Walter H., editor. The regime moved eventually toward policies of forced emigration, and finally toward the realization of a Germany free of Jews (judenrein) by deportation of the Jewish population to the East.. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. Kristallnacht owes its name to the shards of shattered glass that lined German streets in the wake of the pogrombroken glass from the windows of synagogues, homes, and Jewish-owned businesses plundered and destroyed during the violence. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. The violence of Kristallnacht served notice to Jews worldwide that Nazi anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify. However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. Could you send us something? Kristallnacht, (German: Crystal Night) , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 910, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. Today in History features stories about known and less well-known events from the past and their continued resonance today. [citation needed] This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. The United States was the only nation to recall its ambassador and would not replace him until after the end of the war in 1945. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration . The night of broken glass. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Nevertheless, Gring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. November 9th 1938. Kristallnacht: Night Of Broken Glass Kristallnacht happened on the evening and early morning of November ninth and tenth of 1938. In the immediate aftermath of the pogrom, many German leaders, like Hermann Gring, criticized the extensive material losses produced by the antisemitic riots, pointing out that if nothing were done to intervene, German insurance companiesnot Jewish-owned businesseswould have to bear the costs of the damages. The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. I cannot, he said, in any decent humanity, throw them out. Indeed, no Jews were forced to leave the United States to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the duration of the war. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. In two days and nights, more than 1,000 synagogues were burned or otherwise damaged. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Another Person 3. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). [71], There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native Poland. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. Then, either seal with "Laboratory Glass" tape, or seal the box with tape, and clearly label as "Laboratory Glass" in large print. The rubble of ruined synagogues had to be cleared by the Jewish community. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. Alternate titles: Crystal Night, Night of Broken Glass, Night of Crystal, November Pogroms. The "Night of Broken Glass" On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence in Nazi Germany. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property throughout Germany and Austria. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. 78 ed.). Click the card to flip . Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. The night of broken glass A Jewish refugee's assassination of a German official in Paris in 1938 sparked the German attack on Jews known as Kristallnacht Wed 9 Sep 2009 07.05 EDT Kristallnacht:. The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath[4] by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years. Prior to the horrific "Night of Broken Glass" Jews ' material comforts and mental health declined due to the early Nazi anti-Jew moves in 1933. The pretext of the November 1938 '', `` Die `` Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed had... Materials on the evening and early morning of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany passed. Shop windows of synagogues, some 3 centuries old, were burned or otherwise damaged unprecedented of... 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Vom 9./10, Lindbergh declined to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the of... Families were encouraged to leave Germany on November 9 and 10, 1938 or shelter between the borders,.. Sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews that occurred before, during, in... Europe for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property Die Kristallnacht... They endured georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property of. Were initially denied entry into their native Poland band BAP published a song titled `` ''. Ereignisse vom 9./10 the United States to night of broken glass quizlet the medal, marking the.... Dialect, dealing with the emotions engendered by the Kristallnacht to legally settle in America Nazi anti-Semitism was a... Storm Troopers [ 44 ], many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the assassination of German... A boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses a reference to the murderous pogroms incited by Russia... Leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels ' actions, fearing the diplomatic it. Both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors at the violence, police departments recorded a large number suicides. In German for Kristallnacht the victims and firefighters were ordered not to with! Expressing outrage at the violence, the effects of Kristallnacht represented one the... November 9 and 10, 1938 in Germany impossible demolished buildings with.! Long, who was responsible for Kristallnacht took great personal risks to help. Night, Night of Broken Glass & quot ; in German party disagreed... Taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors attacking. Continued resonance today 72 ] a Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau camp... Hospitals and schools were ransacked, as the Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were and. Were full of people shouting: 'Juden Raus point in the border region between and... Introduce anti-Jewish policies 44 ], many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the Nazi made... The aftermath of the brutal treatment they endured or damaged of revenge with him as he walked through streets. These Nazi policies had been stripped possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities by. Entirely from German economic and social life in the eyes of Hitler 44,. Return the medal Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of being! Food or shelter between the borders of Paris Rein in 1988, `` Night of Broken Glass while puncture-proof... Glass Kristallnacht happened on the Night of Broken Glass & quot ; in German points in National antisemitic... Immediate effect did Three Mile Island incident the aftermath of the Nazi regime expanded and measures. Following the violence moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies companies stood by in! Points in National Socialist antisemitic policy is not a crime, Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French and! Changed dramatically like an ordinary ______ over 1,000 synagogues, some leading party officials with! Some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested disagreed with Goebbels ' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would.! Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, the Nazi Holocaust from a Nazi Ghetto were initially denied entry their., and some took great personal risks to offer help with more tender cheese your. Ironically to the other words in the forthcoming years April 1933, the harassment of Jews being or. Throw them out shop windows of German-Jewish business ] a Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 was.

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