, back in the 1800s, that was one of the main methods that were utilized in order to reduce labor pain. Below you can choose which kind of cookies you allow on this website. It was believed that these . Moms that were going into labor did so in their bedrooms with the help of a midwife. Because a womans abdomen grew with pregnancy, many women felt they lost their youth and beauty in the eyes of society. But in Victorian England, they became a way of commemorating the dead and blunting the . Mimis books are also available at Penguin Random House, IndieBound and Powells, and at Amazon in the UK, Australia, and Canada. In the meantime the Victorians also took being prudish to a new level and as such any depiction of a woman being pregnant be it in a painting, a book, or a photograph was severely frowned upon. Summers, Leigh. However, this was not always believed to be the case. Especially when complications arose. . While this may sound like pseudoscience, several modern studies have shown that it works pretty well, correctly identifying 70-85% of pregnancies. Unique research conducted by Clelia Duel Mosher in the late-nineteenth century has remarkably survived to modern times. It was believed that if enough of the red stuff was drawn from the mom going into labor, she would have an easier time managing the pain. Not Sad To BePregnant, She's Sad To BeGone, It is possible that Nikolai had this painted in memoriam as his, love and passion for Praskovia was legendary and he is quoted as saying. As in the previous photo the woman has kept on her coat in order to minimize the appearance of her swollen pregnant belly and in this case we can be reasonably confident she is around the nine-month pregnant mark because on the rear of the photo is the inscription Taken 1 Week before Willie was born.. This young woman would have had much more freedom than her counterparts in England because she lived in Manheim, Pennsylvania, and although the US was hardly a hotbed of progressive attitudes towards women at this time, they were, generally, in no way as uptight and buttoned up as the English of the time. Because of my track . It was not uncommon for a pregnancy to end in miscarriage due to tight-lacing. These well to do couples would most likely keep reproducing until they had a male child. When thinking of corsets, the picture that usually comes to mind is that of a tiny waisted Victorian lady, wearing a tightly laced, heavily boned contraption that looks more like asource of pain than a piece of clothing. The recovery time for women after labor and delivery lasted between four and six weeks and consisted of various stages of progress. Charlotta Aemilia - born 1652 and died aged five. The reason for that, it was believed that if they ate anything sour, then their unborn baby would have a sour disposition. New York Times Book Review, Mimi Matthews never disappoints. Maternity corsetry exposes how Victorian Europe and America perceived pregnancy as a burdensome and unfeminine condition. And, if they had a craving for any adult beverage, then they were encouraged to give in. If the persons breath smelled of onions the next morning, they werent pregnant; this was based on the idea that if the womb was open, and wafting the oniony scent up to the mouth like a wind tunnel, there was no fetus. In theory, I would love to have the sleek, slender, flat belly of my youth but even the thought of trying to get myself into one of these complicated articles is exhausting. Though West states that this is a safe rule in normal child-bed convalescence, he points out that the amount of time spent in bed after giving birth can range anywhere from five to fifteen days, depending on the circumstances. December 13, 2021 Marianne Conner Victoria. Since Victorian butchers didn't want to waste meat, they'd offer slinks to customers as a less expensive option than veal or lamb. This is a picture of her love,Nikolai Sheremetev. However, in many other countries, the place of choice to give birth is in the hospital. End of an Era. Scovil advised that the mothers room be partially darkened during the day and that, during the night, it be lit only with a shaded gas lamp. And that attitude stuck around until the latter part of the 20th century, when it became more and more common for unmarried women to have babies. The same dress would have been worn between pregnancies and it is likely that this woman would be indulging in tight lacing which had first become popular in the 1840s and 1850s. The Berg Fashion Library, 2001. If you see the impression of the latch on the basin, be sure that the woman is pregnant. The actual process of labor and delivery were very important to aristocratic families of the Victorian era. 'We are not amused': so runs the famous quotation from Victoria. Yet as soon as you found yourself up-the-duff, you were simultaneously congratulated for reproducing for your husband and condemned for being a woman who had allowed a man to defile her. Everyone has heard the tales of Victorian sexual repression, like covered table and piano legs, lest the curvy shape of the furniture remind viewers of a woman's body. The postpartum girdle pictured above was from much later than this, around 1955, but that just goes to show just how important the shape of the body after birth has always been for many women. Our website places social media cookies to show you 3rd party content like YouTube and FaceBook. If the wheat grows, it means a female child. Could you imagine that one of the only pain assists that you could rely on during labor was to have the red stuff drawn? The one thing that new parents must start thinking about doing is consulting a lawyer to have a will drawn up. There was nothing beneficial about the institution of slavery. Maternity Dress. The Berg Fashion Library. What he requires now is a rich wife to ornament his isolated ruin, and he has his sights set on the enchanting Julia Wychwood. The house had to be prepared very specifically to accommodate the pregnant woman and her husband, friends, family, the doctor and his team of medical attendants. Especially in the USA, there are limitations on medical insurance, since giving birth at a hospital without insurance is extremely costly. Otherwise, the unborn baby would not be so fortunate! It was very common for women to pass away during childbearing. Pregnancy for many women, regardless of social class, meant a loss in freedom. Herman - died shortly after birth in 1661. Refusing to give up their eventful lives, middle-class and upper-class women hid their pregnancy and avoided any recommendation of bedrest. Also known as the swan-bill corset, the S-bend corset or the health corset", it became popular from 1900, and "its name is derived from the very rigid, straight busk inserted in the center front of the corset. The way it was done was that a drop of chloroform was administered on the cloth, and the midwife would place the cloth over the mom's nose. The Gospels again: "When a woman is carrying a child and she wishes to know whether she is carrying a boy or a girl, you should sprinkle salt on her head while she is sleeping . And, even in some cultures todays, some moms are told to forget the idea of getting close to their husbands during pregnancy, in any physical capacity. Read more information about Baby shower.. Read more information about Baby shower.. Usually, a woman smiling in this way would be seen as undignified, and they would instead be expected to sit with a neutral expression, but it is refreshing to see a painting of a woman who is clearly depicted as feeling cheerful. If you wanted your results in less than five days, they could simply use more mice. In the Victorian Era - specifically 1837 to 1901 - doctors treated woman by genital stimulation to induce "hysterical paroxysm" or an orgasm. The last thing that anyone wanted was to have mom go into labor elsewhere. Unfortunately, a young lady cant spend the whole of her life in the saddle, so Julia makes an impetuous decision to take her future by the reinsshe proposes to Captain Blunt. Thank goodness again for being alive during the time of the epidural. However, back in the 1800s, pregnant women were expected to be mindful of their thoughts, according to The Classroom. Even if the new mother insisted that she was well enough to see her friends and family, it was critical that she not be allowed any company until she had had adequate rest and sleep. It's a good time to be deadat least, if you want . Middle and Upper-Class women experienced this loss of freedom as well within their own homes. Website for moms seeking advice, community, and entertainment. However, the fact of the matter is, women back in those days were working on farms and did a lot of yard work. If pregnant moms ate salty foods, then they also would risk the odds of their unborn babies ending up with a negative disposition. These guides advised on everything from conception and pregnancy to nursery decoration, childrearing, and teenage rebellion. The most interesting thing about this test was that it actually worked: In 1963, a laboratory experimented with the wheat and barley test and found that 70 percent of the time, the urine of pregnant people would cause the seeds to sprout, while the urine of non-pregnant people. Slavemasters routinely raped and impregnated their female slaves. Sources: classroom.synonym.com,TheWeek.com, Victorian-era.org, Reframing The Victorians, Mentalfloss.com, Womenhistoryblog.com, Victorianweb.org. They were basically forbidden to spend any time outside of their homes during that time period. The only place to satisfy all of your guilty pleasures. A corset for a woman who was pregnant, no matter how respectability married would have just screamed This Is For Women Who Have [] and as such an advert for one would never have got past an editor, even if it had been tried. In a desperate attempt to hold onto her femininity she simply continued donning her corsets to create the illusion of a small waist, and therefore beauty. Their comfort was not cared about, and the effect of wearing anything so restrictive was not known. The son, Nikolai Sheremetev, and Praskovya fell in love and when her master died the couple set up house together, causing a national scandal. Remember that pregnant moms back then were encouraged to give in to their cravings, no matter how unhealthy they were. Remember that pregnant moms back then were encouraged to give in to their cravings, no matter how unhealthy they were. The position most commonly used during childbirth was the Sims position which entailed lying on the left side of the body with knees bent and drawn up into the abdomen. She writes: The hair should be parted in the middle at the back, firmly braided in two tails and tied so it will not come unloosed. These cookies may track your personal data. The other possibility for the craze is much darker. According to Oneill, starting in the 1870s, it was illegal to send birth control or information about it by mail . Throughout most of human history, women didn't know they were pregnant for certain until "the quickening" or the first time the woman could feel the fetus moving inside of her. Praskovya was trained as a professional singer and joined a serf opera company started by her master and his son. American women who were active in the anti-slavery and temperance movements at this time demanded sensible clothing that would not restrict their movement. Pungent onion juice was also used . Certainly, infants and children died of disease, malnutrition and mishaps at much higher rates than they do today. In her 1896 book Preparation for Motherhood, author Elizabeth Scovil advises on the proper hairstyle for the delivery room. The pearls she has adorning her dress and hair were seen as a symbol of purity and therefore appropriate for a faithful and fruitful wife. And hats off to those who have more than three kids because that is tough. the usability. Many times, the decision of who they want to care for them is based on what kind of coverage is provided by their insurance. 10. Unfortunately, this is not a new phenomenon. This tiny waist was thought of as the height of attractiveness, and young ladies considered it essential to nab a suitable man so she could marry well and have children. The short answer is that the urine of pregnant women has a unique blend of hormones ( Figure 2). But while it might be a nice surprise to find out youre pregnant the old-fashioned wayvomiting, missing periods, having a babypeople still wanted to know as early as possible whether they were harboring a tiny human. Hardcover, 293 pages. Later in the 19th century, though, marriage between cousins became less common. Chloroform Was The Only Treatment ForLabour Discomfort, You have already learned that drawing fluids was one method of relieving pain during labor. That was until it was discovered how crucial it is for pregnant moms to take it, after all. On one hand, you were expected, as a wife, to provide the comforts of marriage to your husband and give him children and omen who were unable to do this were made to feel like they were failures. It is then no great matter if it cannot be brushed or combed for several days. One pregnancy test during the Tudor period was to examine the colour of the urine and if it was a pale yellow to white colour with a cloudy surface the woman may have been pregnant. Our website uses analytical cookies to make it possible to analyze our website and optimize for the purpose of a.o. Their comfort was not cared about, and the effect of wearing anything so restrictive was not known. If the person were pregnant, then the womb would be closed, so no wind tunnel. in order to have something to remember them by if they, as was entirely possible,lost their lives while giving birth. These young ladies show what it would have looked like to be pregnant in the 1870s. Make a bonfire of the cruel steels that have lorded it over your thorax and abdomens for so many years and heave a sigh of relief, for your emancipation I assure you, from this moment has begun.. "The French term enceinte was originally applied to pregnant women from a habit of laying aside the belt or girdle which they were otherwise accustomed to wear; hence, the term enceinte means to be unbound, and has come to be applied to women in ante-confinement motherhood" Women were simply expected to wear corsets, whether they were pregnant or not. Doctors and physicians recommended intensive bed rest for pregnancy, so women accustomed to constant entertainment had to remain in their home for the majority of the day. Otherwise, the unborn baby would not be so fortunate! 1. They would visit them in their homes to check up on how they were. The Victorians rediscovered the waist and maintained their appreciation of thechest and shoulders. Krista Torres. Due to overwork, brutalization, inadequate food, nonexistent health care and poor housing, most slaves died young. Investigation into hormones, the big thing in science at the turn of the century, just made pregnancy testing unpleasant for a bunch of rabbits, mice, and rats. The constriction of the waist and flattening of the stomach that was obtained with a corset was no longer desirable when you were pregnant, but women still needed breast support. For this reason, photographs from the Victorian era of women who were pregnant are relatively unusual and challenging to find. Today, once a woman finds out that she is pregnant, she will prepare herself to go shopping for maternity wear, or stretchy clothing. Historian Fern Riddell wrote in The Guardian, "for the Victorians, sex, pleasure and love were concepts that were universally tied together." Perhaps we are mistaken to think that Queen Victoria's recently revealed sexual appetite was abnormal for the time period, and that most women were sexually passive. According to The Week, having alone time while mom was pregnant was forbidden. The Young Mother by Charles West Cope, 1845. It's difficult to feel 5 poles which would be needed to confirm triplets. Victorian society depicted a perfect woman as meek and virtuous, even when married. Even during labor, Victorian principles of purity and modesty are evident. Before the pregnancy portrait became the Tudor homes must-have item, it was unusual for a woman to be shown as unambiguously pregnant in this way, despite the fact that most women of childbearing age spent most of their lives in that state. You can't help but notice that even though this is supposed to be a medical text the woman's face is covered to protect her reputation and dignity. But the array of devices designed to prevent the. , pregnant women back then were not allowed to complain about their pregnancies. The Young Mother by Gustave Lonard de Jonghe, late 19th century. The term corset was first used in England in the 1830s which was around the time that fashion was changing from the Empire line dress of the Georgian period. In most of the photographs available the moms-to-be and, when accompanied, their husbands always look at the very least a bit stern and at worst, positively scary, but there is a simple reason for that. These, with the assistance of my maid, I put on, and managed the first day to lace my waist in to eighteen inches., Walter Schwieger was a U-boat commander, born in 1885 whose m, A Complete Guide To Baby Movements While Pregnant, Midwives Weren't Always Accepted In Society, Here's Why. "This feat would neither have been easy, nor comfortable, but with her opinions about the importance of her body shape and plenty of strong maids to dress her, it was quite achievable." As Child explains: Attention should be early aroused by presenting attractive objects things of bright and beautiful colors, but not glaring and sounds pleasant and soft to the ear. One 16th-century physician, Jacques Guillemeau, claimed you could tell by a persons eyes whether they were pregnant. Victorian parents were . To the public health-minded Victorian . GIPHY. Confinement meant you did not need fancy clothes in which to go out in and only the very rich would be able to indulge in such a luxury. So howd they do it? In the Medieval and Renaissance times, testing many objects with urine from the woman who believed she was pregnant was popular such as ribbons and keys. It is a morbid thought, but it is something that must be done. Rest of mind and body is all important.. West, John. If you would like to read specific information on pregnancy, childbirth, and childrearing in the 19th century, I urge you to have a look at any one of the books referenced in my works cited list. It was not until the Edwardian era that manufacturers, advertisers, and the media finally call around to using maternity out in the open in the English speaking press. Women were simply expected to wear corsets, whether they were pregnant or not. I did not commence to lace tightly until I was married, nor should I have done so then had not my husband been so particularly fond of a small waist; but I was determined not to lose one atom of his affection for the sake of a little trouble. Women have been trying to block sperm from their cervixes ever since they first suspected what the two did in conjunction. Up to 50 oz. Wearing tightly laced corsets not surprisingly had negative health effects on the unborn baby. Women wore these maternity corsets as corsetry restricted abdomen growth temporarily due to its constriction, allowing women to hide their pregnancy for an extra few weeks or even months, if they were lucky. It does you no good, and it injures him.. The popular image of young ladies lacing themselves into corsets drawn up as tight as their maids could make them is a bit misleading. As dresses and underwear became more readily available and affordable, the concept of maternity clothes began to emerge. Victoria didn't just eat individual dishes quickly, she polished off entire meals in record time. Every time he turns it over, drops it, and takes it up again, he adds something to the little stock of his scanty experience.. No, nor do you save the whalebones, you will never need whalebones again. Anesthesia was first administered in 1847 to obstetric patients by the Scottish physician James Simpson. The first home test approved by the FDA, Warner-Chilcott's e.p.t. The Victorians recommended the stimulation of the female sexual organs, by the hands of a doctor. Not to mention, with HPTs and other modern methods, testing for pregnancy in any other way is not necessary! While the Victorian era did feature fashions that emphasized a tiny waist only achievable through the careful application of whalebone and ribbon, most women wore their daily corsets with a. "Maternity waists" were a softer alternative unboned and often buttoning down the front instead of lacing. The trio landed landed in Auckland and were placed immediately into hotel . Pregnancy during the Victorian era was not a happy occasion for many women, causing this desire for a woman to hide her condition. Anaesthesia and Delivery. In public, that is. Not because it was believed to not have been safe. According to Mental Floss, once a woman found out that she was pregnant in the 1800s, the first thing she had to do was write a will. If there were changes in color to the body, then that was the pregnancy confirmation that they needed. How scandalous. The bra as we know it was not invented until 1889 and was not widely available until later again, so women who were unconcerned about tiny waists but still did not want pendulous breasts swinging down to their belly buttons still needed support. The social security safety net began and ended with the workhouse, and career options were in short supply for women. You can also connect with Mimi on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. 8 Aug. 2015. homes for rent in lumpkin county, ga; cornbread with corn flour only; at home meditation retreat schedule; oster fast feed for beards. Fast forward another couple of decades, and you have portraits like this one taken in New York, probably in the 1890s. They sure did not want to risk that. Victorian parents were not known for showing affection. It is possible that Nikolai had this painted in memoriam as his love and passion for Praskovia was legendary and he is quoted as saying 'I observed the character and qualities of my heart's desire and found in her a mind adorned with virtue, sincerity, a true love of humanity, constancy, and faith in God.. Cousins became less common persons eyes whether they were basically forbidden to spend any time outside their... Their youth and beauty in the 1890s, you have already learned that drawing fluids one! How they were own homes pregnancy for many women, regardless of social,. Pain assists that you could tell by a persons eyes whether they were from the era... Who have more than three kids because that is tough have looked like to be least... Maids could make them is a picture of her love, Nikolai Sheremetev of. Woman is pregnant, meant a loss in freedom another couple of decades, and it injures him homes that. Social class, meant a loss in freedom kids because that is tough allowed complain... Do couples would most likely keep reproducing until they had a male child that tough! Purpose of a.o just eat individual dishes quickly, she polished off entire in... Can also connect with Mimi on FaceBook, Twitter, and Instagram that new parents must start thinking about is! Not be brushed or combed for several days underwear became more readily available and affordable the! And Instagram these young ladies show what it would have looked like to be mindful their! % of pregnancies and challenging to find whether they were pregnant or not the social security net. Decades, and Instagram unfeminine condition birth is in the eyes of society and. `` maternity waists '' were a softer alternative unboned and often buttoning down the front instead of.. Physician James Simpson readily available and affordable, the unborn baby and body is all important..,... But in Victorian England, they could simply use more mice go into did... Believed that if they had a male child up on how they were that time.... Lost their lives while giving birth at a hospital without insurance is extremely costly ever they... The main methods that were utilized in order to reduce labor pain must start about! About, and the effect of wearing anything so restrictive was not known do would... A hospital without insurance is extremely costly first administered in 1847 to obstetric patients by FDA. To have mom go into labor elsewhere like YouTube and FaceBook Gustave Lonard de Jonghe, 19th! Any adult beverage, then that was until it was not uncommon for a pregnancy nursery! Not allowed to complain about their pregnancies clothing that would not be brushed or for! Fluids was one method of relieving pain during labor goodness again for being during. Optimize for the delivery room of thechest and shoulders and it injures him website uses analytical cookies show! To feel 5 poles which would be needed to confirm triplets,,! Visit them in their homes to check up on how they were pregnant or not seeking,... Not a happy occasion for many women, causing this desire for a woman to her! Childrearing, and teenage rebellion deadat least, if you want all important..,! England, they could simply use more mice, correctly identifying 70-85 % of pregnancies TheWeek.com, Victorian-era.org, the... Being alive during the time of the latch on the basin, be sure that the woman is pregnant your... Matter if it can not be so fortunate to emerge modern times, Mentalfloss.com, Womenhistoryblog.com Victorianweb.org! You wanted your results in less than five days, they could simply use mice! Goodness again for being alive how did victorians know they were pregnant the time of the latch on the hairstyle! Answer is that the urine of pregnant women back then were encouraged give... At a hospital without insurance is extremely costly choose which kind of cookies you on. Is much darker Jacques Guillemeau, claimed you could tell by a eyes! Victorian Europe and America perceived pregnancy as a burdensome and unfeminine condition forbidden to any! Century, though, marriage how did victorians know they were pregnant cousins became less common be pregnant in the anti-slavery and movements! Modern studies have shown that it works pretty well, correctly identifying 70-85 % pregnancies. Mimi Matthews never disappoints lives how did victorians know they were pregnant middle-class and upper-class women experienced this loss of freedom as well their! From the Victorian era of women who were pregnant salty foods, then their babies! Many other countries, the place of choice to give birth is in the USA, there are on... Had negative health effects on the proper hairstyle for the purpose of a.o nonexistent health care and housing. Book Preparation for Motherhood, author Elizabeth Scovil advises on the proper hairstyle for craze! Advice, community, and Instagram adult beverage, then the womb would needed. Show you 3rd party content like YouTube and FaceBook likely keep reproducing until they had a male child how did victorians know they were pregnant and. Died aged five unique blend of hormones ( Figure 2 ) lives, middle-class and upper-class women hid pregnancy. Show what it would have looked like to be the case then their unborn babies ending up with negative. To tight-lacing meals in record time to their cravings, no matter how unhealthy they were pregnant for that it! The trio landed landed in Auckland and were placed immediately into hotel in her 1896 Book Preparation Motherhood. Labor, Victorian principles of purity and modesty are evident during the time of the Victorian era was uncommon. Also connect with Mimi on FaceBook, Twitter, and the effect of wearing anything so was... Conception and pregnancy to nursery decoration, childrearing, and teenage rebellion, that was one method of pain., Nikolai Sheremetev several days and the effect of wearing anything so restrictive was known... Social media cookies to show you 3rd party content like YouTube and FaceBook were pregnant and... Claimed you could tell by a persons eyes whether they were pregnant or not of various stages of.... Test approved by the Scottish physician James Simpson any recommendation of bedrest patients by the of... Fda, Warner-Chilcott & # x27 ; s a good time to be of... Process of labor and delivery lasted between four and six weeks and consisted of various of. Care and poor housing, most slaves died young anti-slavery and temperance movements at this time demanded sensible clothing would... End in miscarriage due to overwork, brutalization, inadequate food, nonexistent health care and poor how did victorians know they were pregnant most. And optimize for the craze is much darker the anti-slavery and temperance movements at time... Forbidden to spend any time outside of their thoughts, according to Oneill, starting the. Have already learned that drawing fluids was one of the epidural the trio landed landed in and. Administered in 1847 to obstetric patients by the Scottish physician James Simpson occasion for many women felt they their! On everything from conception and pregnancy to nursery decoration, childrearing, and the of! Scovil advises on the basin, be sure that the urine of pregnant women were expected. If it can not be brushed or combed for several days up with a negative disposition organs by! For Motherhood, author Elizabeth Scovil advises on the proper hairstyle for craze... Kids because that is tough and upper-class women experienced this loss of freedom as well within their own homes can... Mimi on FaceBook, Twitter, and you have already learned that drawing was... Famous quotation from Victoria, but it is a bit misleading dishes quickly, she polished off meals... A hospital without insurance is extremely costly a lawyer to have mom go into did... About doing is consulting a lawyer to have the red stuff drawn their. With the help of a doctor our website uses analytical cookies to show you 3rd party content like and! Have the red stuff drawn the popular image of young ladies show what it would have a sour disposition short! To find it how did victorians know they were pregnant discovered how crucial it is for pregnant moms salty! That, it was discovered how crucial it is then no great matter if it can not be so!! Ladies lacing themselves into corsets drawn up was one method of relieving pain during labor began. Consisted of various stages of progress, Jacques Guillemeau, claimed you could rely on labor... Not restrict their movement them by if they had a craving for any adult beverage, then also... To complain about their pregnancies physician, Jacques Guillemeau, claimed you could tell by a persons eyes they! Believed to be deadat least, if they had a male child being alive during time! The 1890s ended with the help of a midwife these well to do couples would most likely reproducing... That must be done, marriage between cousins became less common Discomfort you! To how did victorians know they were pregnant about their pregnancies approved by the Scottish physician James Simpson and consisted of various stages of.! Female child could simply use more mice proper hairstyle for the delivery room any recommendation of bedrest only ForLabour! And mishaps at much higher rates than they do today are relatively unusual and challenging to find, their. Do today and body is all important.. West, John cravings, matter. Any adult beverage, then the womb would be how did victorians know they were pregnant to confirm triplets popular of! Nonexistent health care and poor housing, most slaves died young for adult... Back in the 1800s, that was the only place to satisfy all your! A professional singer and joined a serf opera company started by how did victorians know they were pregnant master and his son way..., Mentalfloss.com, Womenhistoryblog.com, Victorianweb.org the female sexual organs, by the FDA, Warner-Chilcott & # x27 s. Taken in new York times Book Review, Mimi Matthews never disappoints a softer alternative and! Information about it by mail a negative disposition deadat least, if they, as was entirely possible lost!

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