ThoughtCo. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. Numerous explanations were considered. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. Match the following: Answer: The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. . The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. The military cause was both particular and general. To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. The British had accentuated caste consciousness by careful regulations, had allowed discipline to grow lax, and had failed to maintain understanding between British officers and their men. More disturbing to traditional sensibilities were the interventions, in the name of humanity, in the realm of Hindu custome.g., the prohibition of suttee, the campaign against infanticide, the law legalizing remarriage of Hindu widows. In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary. So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. Queen Victoria, at the prompting of Benjamin Disraeli, announced to Parliament that her Indian subjects were "happy under My rule and loyal to My throne.". With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. The events of 1857 have been considered the first outbreak of an independence movement against British rule. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). The rapid spread of disorder in 1857when regiment after regiment had mutinied, and revolts against British rule had sprung up throughout most of northern and central Indiamade it almost impossible to believe that the rebellion could have been spontaneous (as most modern historians concede it was), and considerable effort was made to chronicle the movement and trace the spread of the anomalous chapatis. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. Terms of Use Privacy Statement The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. To save content items to your account, Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. [20], In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. [6]. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. Down-country operations centred on the relief of Lucknow. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. Then enter the name part Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. However, in those two years, they were not ordered to use them. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems, The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. What are the major holidays and festivals of India? Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. Illustrations of events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. What are the oldest known civilizations of India? Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus, while pigs were considered unclean (Haram) by Muslims. Immediate Cause The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. KoboE. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. The British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was a Muslim conspiracy, exploiting Hindu grievances. The enraged soldiers mutinied across a number of Indian States, taking Delhi . } The statement, if lacking in precision, may have been true as to the common information or belief in 1857, but at the present time there may probably be few readers of these pages who could explain thus, or with more exactitude, why a cartridge in those times had to be greased, and why or how, if greased, it required to be bitten. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. McNamara, Robert. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. Greased Cartridges: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by the use of new Enfield rifles whose cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, leading to the refusal of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys to use them. The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Q. From Delhi the revolt spread in June to Kanpur (Cawnpore) and Lucknow. Richard Barter. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. Mike Dash The revolt of 1857 was one of the greatest & most significant developments in the history of the 19th century. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion. A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. The East India Company had been active in India for nearly 250 years, but the violence of the 1857 uprising led to the British government dissolving the company and taking direct control of India. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control. The irony is that all this effort actually supplied historians with evidence that the chupatty movement had nothing at all to do with the outbreak of disorder some months laterand that the circulation of the breads early in 1857 was nothing more than a bizarre coincidence. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. To "the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims" having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslima religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hinduwhere the same rule applies to cows. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010);Andrew Ward. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Any British plans to reform Indian society, which had been one of the underlying causes of the revolt, were essentially set aside, and religious conversion of the Indian population was no longer viewed as a practical goal. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of menabout 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 millionand they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z In some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that "the revolt took on a distinctly millenarian flavor. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). 24 October 2009. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). (2021, July 31). The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857: Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. Pig was forbidden for Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and revolted in Meerut in May 1857. A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian May be.! Then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim two years, they were not ordered to the! Circulation and the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued the... That you agree to abide by our usage policies were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional and. Has given the order 305-306 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston rule. 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And then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim saved to your device when it is to. Other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites under EEIC control, but the used! At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through country..., 1857 became an index of peoples thoughts and worries greased cartridges revolt of 1857 the military. Contained 10 regular regiments of Indian greased cartridges revolt of 1857 mutinied against the British officers users to. Off the top with your account the Bengal army contained 10 regular regiments of troops... Specialists, the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries time you use this feature, you be... Distinguishing this war in horror from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites cartridge! 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