Juli 1944 und die Thesen Christian Gerlachs, "Operation Valkyrie The "July Plot" to Assassinate Hitler | Jewish Virtual Library", German Opposition to Hitler and the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944, Operation Valkyrie: the Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler (80 min. Finally, at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. WebUnfortunately, the most well-known assassination plot on Hitlers life, popularly known as the July Plot or Operation Valkyrie, proved unsuccessful for reasons that could have The commander-in-chief of the Army Group, Field Marshal, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 20:01. The bomb exploded just eight minute afterwards, killing eight people and injuring dozens more. Oster was the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office. 134135, 2008, Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 135, 2008, Germany: 19331990 p. 96 Heinrich August Winkler 2007. A stenographer and three officers died, but Hitler escaped with only minor injury. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via cyanide or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Neurath and Strlin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini after the July Plot failed, Learn about the July plot, 1944 to assassinate Hitler by Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/July-Plot, Spartacus Educational - The 1944 July Plot, History Learning Site - The July Bomb Plot, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - The July 20, 1944, Plot to Assassinate Adolf Hitler, Warfare History Network - The Largest Plot to Kill Hitler? He then saw a "massive" cloud of smoke, wood splinters and paper and men being hurled through a window and door. WebAttempt to simulate the July 1944 coup attempt to assassinate Hitler using a std movement/combat system on a hex map,. Stlpnagel tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The bomb was hidden in a briefcase, which Stauffenberg set down next to Hitler. WebNumber 27, June/July 1976. [35], In August and September 1943, Tresckow drafted the "revised" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. He writes: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, [it is said that] 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff officers protested, the SS threatened them." [82] Ralf Georg Reuth thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if Hofacker had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination. For a brief moment in history, Claus von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators thought they had succeeded in turning the tide of World War II and potentially saving thousands of additional lives. Executions continued to the last days of the war. This assassination attempt also failed, since Elsers timing was off. His trousers were singed and tattered (see photograph below) and he suffered from a perforated eardrum, as did most of the other 24 people in the room.[49]. Plotters' demands meant a return to pre-1939 German borders; it seems highly unlikely that the Allies would have accepted such enormous demands. [57] In Vienna, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested Gauleiters and SS officers. Under the pretext that his hearing was damaged because of his injuries, he was able to secure a seat as close to Hitler as possible, with only one other person between him and the Fhrer. Stauffenberg was able to intercept the bomb and prevent its discovery. In March of 1943, Henning von Tresckow and partner Fabian von Schlabrendorff hatched a similar plan, with plastic explosives. ES PT DE FR. However, an unexpected phone call, as well as hurried knocking on his door, meant he only had time to arm one of the two devices. [18] These failures demoralised the conspirators. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the People's Court, a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution. The motivations of the conspirators and their place in the history of the Third Reich remain an area of intense debate. Meanwhile, new key allies had been gained. As the Nazi military leaders took their seats to discuss troop movements on the Eastern Front, an explosion ripped through the humid conference room and, through the thick black smoke, Hitlers body was seen strewn across the table. Annual commemorations take place in Berlin and Dresden on Wednesday to mark the anniversary of the failed plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. The majority of the group behind the 20 July plot were conservative nationalistsidealists, but not necessarily of a democratic stripe. All Rights Reserved. WebThis is an incomplete list of documented attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler. [11] Early leaders of these plots included Major General Hans Oster, Colonel General Ludwig Beck and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben. Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture, "The heroes of West German accounts at this time were the men involved in the largely conservative, nationalist resistance of the July Plot of 1944. [65] Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing it to Hitler. The plotters were stripped of their uniforms and given old, shabby clothing to humiliate them for the cameras. Himmler and Gring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. On the morning of Thursday, 20 July Stauffenberg flew back to the Wolfsschanze for another Hitler military conference, once again with a bomb in his briefcase. Tresckow killed himself the day after the failed plot by use of a hand grenade in no man's land between Russian and German lines. The most stalwart conspirator was Lieutenant Colonel Claus, Count Schenk von Stauffenberg, who personally carried out the assassination attempt. [50] Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously assumed that Hitler was dead. After Hitler had left the building, Gersdorff was able to defuse the devices in a public bathroom "at the last second". [20][21] Martin Borschat portrays their motivations as a matter of aristocratic resentment, writing that the plot was mainly carried out by conservative elites who were initially integrated by the Nazi government but during the war lost their influence and were concerned about regaining it. Hitler took his survival to be a "divine moment in history", and commissioned a special decoration to be made for each person wounded or killed in the blast. [citation needed], Popitz was not alone in seeing Himmler as a potential ally. During 1943 and early 1944, opposition to Hitler in high army circles increased as Germanys military situation deteriorated. Von Witzleben was the former commander of the German 1st Army and the former Commander-in-Chief of the German Army Command in the West. Web"The Plot to Assassinate Hitler" drama, history and war movie produced in Germany and released in 1955. He became chancellor of Germany in 1933 and leader of the Nazi Party. By then it was too late. Danny Orbach, "Criticism Reconsidered: The German Resistance to Hitler in Critical German Scholarship", List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst, List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot, alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII, decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany, President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death, Operation Valkyrie: The Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler, "A Group of German Leaders tried to Kill Hitler in 1944. Meanwhile, Carl-Heinrich von Stlpnagel, military governor of occupied France, managed to disarm the SD and SS and captured most of their leadership. One day before Bavauds attempt, German carpenter Georg Elser had another plan in the works. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the struggle against Hitler. WebIt takes readers from his privileged early childhood to the studies and travel that would introduce him to peace activists around the worldeventually putting this gentle, 2013. They soon realized, however, that the rescue attempt was the tip of a larger iceberg. Movies TV Shows Personas News. He never could have expected that in 1944, the "Desert Fox" would join a conspiracy to assassinate him. The details of the conspirators' peace initiatives remain unknown,[3][4][5] but they would have included unrealistic demands for the confirmation of Germany's extensive annexations of European territory. [14], Plans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army General Franz Halder and Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, and the failure of the Western powers to oppose Hitler's aggression until 1939. They opposed popular legitimation or mass participation in governance of the state. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle.[87]. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be "hanged like cattle". By the summer of 1944, a sizable portion of the German populace, including a number of Germanys senior military leaders were beginning to lose hope that Germany could win the war. The new government had the aim of negotiating an end to the war, preferably with favorable terms for Germany. High-ranking German officials had made up their minds that Hitler must die. [47][pageneeded][48][pageneeded] After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned telephone call and left the room. He needed to prime and arm the two explosive devices. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. Christian Zentner, Friedemann Bedrftig (1991). [27], The overall goals towards Poland were mixed within the plotters. It has a great rating on IMDb: 7 stars out of 10. [90] According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial. Bavaud sat in the grandstand, awaiting his victim. Disraeli once A disillusioned Wehrmacht officer named Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators attempt to assassinate Adol. [88] Around the same timeframe, however, the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. By 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the Wolfsschanze, this condition had been dropped. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. Speidel met with former foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Strlin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. They concluded that a time bomb was the only option. In his speech at the event, Theodor Heuss, the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, said that "harsh words" were necessary, and that "There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness. It is a feature-length film with a runtime of 1h 37min. He was primarily implicated through his connection to Kluge. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90. [1], At 12:42[49] the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room and killing a stenographer instantly. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front, Stauffenberg took charge of planning and executing the assassination attempt. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel at the Wolf's Lair and was assured that Hitler was alive. On November 9, 1938, Bavaud made his move. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg's aircraft landed and he phoned from the airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead. Hitlers speech time was changed after the bomb was installed, and his remarks ended at 9:07 p.m. The plot was discovered, and Bonhoeffer was arrested in 1943. [85] On 15 April 1944 Rommel's new chief of staff, Hans Speidel, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to Stlpnagel. A new government would be established with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler as Chancellor of Germany and Ludwig Beck as president. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. [29], To Poland, which was fighting against Nazi Germany with both its army and government in exile, the territorial demands and traditional nationalistic visions of resistance were not much different from the racist policies of Hitler. According to Philipp Freiherr Von Boeselager, one of the last surviving members of the July Plot, the motivations of the key conspirators varied. Did You Know Genghis Khan's Forces Likely Killed More People Than Those Of Hitler? "List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst, New book reveals Scottish soldier's extraordinary plan to assassinate Hitler on his 50th birthday, "Warszawski zamach na Hitlera: Hitler przemkn im koo nosa", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_assassination_attempts_on_Adolf_Hitler&oldid=1139764499, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Hitler and several members of his staff fell ill after dining at the revered Kaiserhof hotel in Berlin. [70] Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven, Colonel Erwin von Lahousen, and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris were involved in the foiling of Hitler's alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General Cesare Am, who passed on the information. Bad weather made some of his reluctant generals postpone the western offensive. December 10, 2010 From 1939-45, more than 15 assassination attempts were made against Adolf Hitler, involving thousands of religious leaders, politicians and members of the military. Fromm, presumably to protect himself, changed sides and attempted to have Stauffenberg arrested. [30] Stauffenberg, as one of the leaders of the plot, stated five years before the coup in 1939 during the Poland campaign: "It is essential that we begin a systemic colonisation in Poland. They soon established contacts with several prominent civilians, including Carl Goerdeler,[12] the former mayor of Leipzig, and Helmuth James von Moltke,[13] the great-grandnephew of Moltke the Elder, hero of the Franco-Prussian War. Groups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the Kreisauer Kreis (which met at the von Moltke estate in Kreisau) and in other secret circles. The badges were struck in three values: gold, silver, and black (the colours denoted the severity of the wounds received by each recipient). Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. 10 Close-Calls Of Civilians Trying To Assassinate An American President. A stenographer was instantly killed, and 20 people were injured, including three officers who later perished from their wounds. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Top 10 Alcohol Consuming Countries In The World, The Biggest Heists and Bank Robberies in American History. Bavaud felt that Hitler was an incarnation of Satan, and a threat to the Catholic Church. A communist who strongly opposed Nazism, Elser concocted a plan to bomb Hitler during a speech at Munichs Brgerbrukeller brewery. While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. It is a question that every generation must answer again and again. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters and that he was in mortal danger. Their most important recruit was General Friedrich Olbricht, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the Bendlerblock in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Stauffenberg understood that, as a result, the explosive device had to be as close to Hitler as possible in order to do any sort of damage. "The Plot to Assassinate Hitler" is not currently available to stream in Singapore. [60] Despite protests from Remer (who had been ordered by Hitler to arrest the conspirators), at 00:10 on 21 July the four officers were executed in the courtyard outside, possibly to prevent them from revealing Fromm's involvement. [105], Memorial at the Bendlerblock: "Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators), Memorial at the cemetery (Alter St.-Matthus-Kirchhof, Berlin) where the corpses were buried but afterwards removed to an unknown place, Memorial statue at the Bendlerblock by Richard Scheibe, Media related to 20 July plot at Wikimedia Commons. The plot was now fully prepared. Several notable politicians and senior military officials hatched a plot to assassinate the Fhrer by planting a bomb during a meeting at the Wolfsschanze (the Wolfs Lair, one of Hitlers military headquarters) and by doing so, to trigger a political consolidation and coup dtat. After the war, his widow maintained that he believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war. [15], In 1942, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel Henning von Tresckow, a member of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock's staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in Operation Barbarossa. Rumours of Hitlers survival melted the resolve of many of the key officers. 2 The primary military conspirators were General Friedrich Olbricht, Major General Henning von Many blamed Hitler for leading Germany to disaster. As Hitler approached though, the crowd raised up their arms to salute, blocking his shot. Long Waits, Short Appointments, Huge Bills. Illustration: Adria Fruitos In a countercoup at the Berlin headquarters, General Friedrich Fromm, who had known about and condoned the plot, sought to prove his allegiance by arresting a few of the chief conspirators, who were promptly shot (Stauffenberg, Olbricht, and two aides) or forced to commit suicide (Beck). WebOn July 20, 1944, Hitler cheats death as a bomb planted in a briefcase goes off, but fails to kill him. Under Himmler's new Sippenhaft (blood guilt) laws, many relatives of the principal plotters were also arrested in the immediate aftermath of the failed plot.[61]. Interrupted by a guard knocking on the door advising him that the meeting was about to begin, he was not able to prime the second bomb, which he gave to his aide-de-camp, Werner von Haeften. [ 57 ] in Vienna, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and Gauleiters! Included Major General Hans oster, Colonel General Ludwig Beck as president, as everyone. 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